Which EU directives apply to my product?

Hugues Orgitelloupdated 7 Oct 202618 min read

Before any test is booked, a certification project has to answer one question: which Union acts apply to this product? EU product law is written act by act, each with its own scope article, its own exclusion list and its own conformity assessment procedures. Some acts stack on the same product, some exclude each other by name, and a few apply only to the risks the others leave uncovered. This page reads those scope articles directly from the texts in force on 7 October 2026, shows how they combine on real product types, lists the dated changes from 2024 to 2030, and corrects the common readings the texts contradict.

Why classification comes first

A conformity assessment is only as complete as the list of acts that drives it. If an applicable act is missing, every downstream step (standards selection, testing, technical file, declaration of conformity) is built on an incomplete list, and the product can pass every test it was given and still be non-compliant.

The Blue Guide, the Commission notice on the implementation of EU product rules (2022 edition, OJ C 247, 29.6.2022), sets out the rule in section 2.7, "Simultaneous application of Union harmonisation acts": several acts may have to be taken into consideration for one product, and the product may be made available only when it complies with all applicable provisions and has undergone the conformity assessment of each applicable act. The same section names the two ways the texts avoid redundant requirements: some acts exclude from their scope products covered by another act, and some incorporate the essential requirements of another act.

The CE marking is a single symbol, but it states conformity with every act that provides for it. Where several acts require an EU declaration of conformity, the manufacturer draws up a single declaration that identifies all of them (Article 18(3) of the RED, Article 15(3) of the LVD).

A practical way to work is to describe the product as a set of features the texts react to: supply voltage, intentional radio, moving parts driven by a power source, pressure, intended users (consumers, children, professionals), medical purpose, data connection. Each feature points to one or more scope articles. Writing the result as a feature-by-feature table also gives you the justification a market surveillance authority or a customer audit will ask for.

Horizontal versus vertical legislation

EU product law has two layers that are usually combined.

Layer	What it targets	Examples
Vertical (sectoral)	One product family	Toys, machinery, medical devices, pressure equipment, ATEX equipment
Horizontal	A risk or an aspect across many families	LVD (electrical safety), EMC, RED, RoHS (substances), ecodesign, CRA (cybersecurity), GPSR (consumer safety)

Combining them is not a matter of "nothing overrides anything". The Blue Guide (section 2.7) says that where two acts cover the same product, hazard or impact, the overlap may be resolved by giving preference to the more specific act, usually after a risk analysis of the product. Its own example: the Machinery Directive covers electrical hazards of machinery by referring to the safety objectives of the LVD, which then apply through the machinery act alone.

The scope articles, act by act

The table below gives, for each act that recurs in electronics, the article that defines its scope, the trigger written in it, and what the act says about notified body involvement.

Act	Scope article	Trigger in the text	Notified body
Directive 2014/35/EU (LVD)	Art. 1, Annex II	Electrical equipment designed for use with a voltage rating between 50 and 1 000 V AC or between 75 and 1 500 V DC	Never: internal production control (module A) is the only procedure
Directive 2014/30/EU (EMC)	Art. 2 and 3	Apparatus or fixed installation liable to generate electromagnetic disturbance or be affected by it	Optional: module A, or EU-type examination (B + C) at the manufacturer choice (Art. 14)
Directive 2014/53/EU (RED)	Art. 1, 2(1)(1), Annex I	Electrical or electronic product that intentionally emits and/or receives radio waves (below 3 000 GHz) for radio communication or radiodetermination	Not for Art. 3(1) safety and EMC; required for Art. 3(2) and 3(3) when harmonised standards are not applied in full (Art. 17(4))
Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS)	Art. 2, Art. 3(1), Annex I	Electrical and electronic equipment up to 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC	Never: module A (Art. 7(b))
Regulation 2023/1230 (Machinery)	Art. 2, Art. 3(1)	Assembly fitted with a drive system other than directly applied human or animal effort, with at least one moving part, plus related products and partly completed machinery	Required for Annex I Part A categories; for Part B, module A only if harmonised standards or common specifications covering all relevant requirements are applied (Art. 25)
Directive 2009/48/EC (Toys)	Art. 2, Annex I	Products designed or intended, whether or not exclusively, for use in play by children under 14	Required when harmonised standards covering all relevant requirements are not applied in full (Art. 19)
Directive 2014/34/EU (ATEX)	Art. 1	Equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres	Required for categories M1/1 and for electrical equipment and engines of categories M2/2; category 3 is internal production control (Art. 13)
Directive 2014/68/EU (PED)	Art. 1	Pressure equipment and assemblies with a maximum allowable pressure PS greater than 0.5 bar	Not for category I (module A); required from category II (Art. 14)
Regulation 2017/745 (MDR)	Art. 1, Art. 2(1)	Device with a medical purpose as defined in Article 2(1)	Required from class IIa, and for class I devices that are sterile, have a measuring function or are reusable surgical instruments (Art. 52(7))
Regulation 2024/2847 (CRA)	Art. 2	Products with digital elements whose intended purpose or reasonably foreseeable use includes a direct or indirect logical or physical data connection to a device or network	Depends on the product category; applies in full from 11 December 2027
Regulation 2023/988 (GPSR)	Art. 2, Art. 3(1)	Consumer products, only for risks not covered by specific Union law	None (not a CE marking act)

Two points the table makes visible. The LVD has no notified body at all, whatever the product. And the RED treats its two families of requirements differently: for safety and EMC (Article 3(1)) the manufacturer can always use internal production control, while for spectrum and the Article 3(3) requirements a notified body becomes mandatory as soon as harmonised standards are not applied in full or do not exist.

Exclusions written into the scope articles

Each act also lists what it does not cover. Reading these lists is where most classification questions are settled.

Act	Exclusions relevant to electronics (from the text)
LVD, Annex II	Electrical equipment for use in an explosive atmosphere; electrical equipment for radiology and medical purposes; electrical parts for goods and passenger lifts; electricity meters; plugs and socket outlets for domestic use; electric fence controllers; radio-electrical interference; specialised electrical equipment for ships, aircraft or railways complying with international safety provisions; custom-built evaluation kits for professionals used solely at R&D facilities
EMC Directive, Art. 2(2)	Equipment covered by the RED; aeronautical products under the EU aviation safety regulation; radio amateur equipment not made available on the market; equipment inherently incapable of generating or being affected by disturbance; custom-built evaluation kits for professionals at R&D facilities
RED, Art. 1(3) and Annex I	Equipment used exclusively for public security, defence and State security; radio amateur equipment not made available on the market; marine equipment under the marine equipment directive; airborne products under the EU aviation safety regulation; custom-built evaluation kits for professionals at R&D facilities
RoHS, Art. 2(4)	Among others: equipment sent into space; large-scale stationary industrial tools; large-scale fixed installations; means of transport (except electric two-wheel vehicles that are not type-approved); non-road mobile machinery for professional use only; active implantable medical devices; equipment designed solely for R&D and made available only business to business
Machinery Regulation, Art. 2(2)	Among others: weapons; means of transport by air, water and rail (machinery mounted on them excepted); motor vehicles under Regulation 2018/858; and, insofar as the LVD or the RED applies, household appliances for domestic use (other than electrically operated furniture), audio and video equipment, information technology equipment, ordinary office machinery (except additive manufacturing machines), low-voltage switchgear and control gear, electric motors
Toy Safety Directive, Art. 2(2) and Annex I	Playground equipment for public use; automatic playing machines for public use; toy vehicles with combustion engines; toy steam engines; slings and catapults. Annex I lists products not considered toys, including decorative objects for festivities, collector products marked for ages 14 and above, PCs and game consoles unless specifically designed for and targeted at children
CRA, Art. 2(2) to 2(4)	Products covered by the MDR, the IVDR or the vehicle general safety regulation 2019/2144; products certified under the EU aviation safety regulation 2018/1139; marine equipment under Directive 2014/90/EU

Note how the Machinery Regulation exclusion now names the RED as well as the LVD: a connected household appliance with a motor is excluded from the machinery act insofar as the RED applies to it.

How the RED absorbs the LVD and the EMC Directive

The single most useful rule in electronics classification is written in two articles. Article 1(4) of the RED: radio equipment within its scope "shall not be subject to Directive 2014/35/EU, except as set out in point (a) of Article 3(1)". Article 2(2)(a) of the EMC Directive: it does not apply to equipment covered by Directive 1999/5/EC, a reference that Article 50 of the RED converts into a reference to the RED. The Commission RED Guide (section 10.5) draws the conclusion: where the RED applies, the LVD and the EMC Directive do not.

What the RED puts in their place, per article:

RED article	Requirement	What it imports or adds
3(1)(a)	Health and safety	The LVD safety objectives, "but with no voltage limit applying". A 3 V coin-cell Bluetooth tag is in safety scope
3(1)(b)	EMC	An adequate level of electromagnetic compatibility as set out in the EMC Directive
3(2)	Spectrum	Effective use and support of efficient use of radio spectrum, to avoid harmful interference
3(3)(d), (e), (f)	Network protection, personal data and privacy, fraud	Apply since 1 August 2025 to the categories in Delegated Regulation 2022/30: internet-connected radio equipment, plus (for (e)) childcare equipment, toys and wearables processing personal data, and (for (f)) equipment that transfers money or virtual currency. Disapplied to devices under the MDR or IVDR. Repealed by Delegated Regulation 2026/339 from 11 December 2027, when the CRA applies in full
3(4) and Annex Ia	Common charger	USB Type-C receptacle and charging protocol for the listed categories (mobile phones, tablets, cameras, headphones, portable speakers and others) since 28 December 2024, and for laptops since 28 April 2026 (Directive 2022/2380)

The RED Guide adds two scope tests that decide many borderline products. Radio equipment combined with a non-radio electrical product makes the whole product radio equipment only if the radio part is incorporated and permanently affixed, so that it cannot be easily accessed and readily removed (section 1.7.4.1); otherwise only the radio part is under the RED. And products that use electromagnetic waves exclusively for purposes other than radio communication or radiodetermination (inductive heating, pure wireless power transfer without any radio function, HF surgical equipment) are not radio equipment (section 1.7.4.5).

How the acts stack on one product

Take a mains-powered thermostat with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, intended for homes. Walk its features:

Feature	Applicable act and article	Typical presumption route
Electrical safety (230 V)	RED Art. 3(1)(a), LVD excluded by RED Art. 1(4)	EN 62368-1 or the relevant appliance standard
Electromagnetic compatibility	RED Art. 3(1)(b), EMC Directive excluded by its Art. 2(2)(a)	EN 55032, EN 55035, ETSI EN 301 489 series
Spectrum use (2.4 GHz)	RED Art. 3(2)	EN 300 328
RF exposure	RED Art. 3(1)(a)	EN 62311 or a product-specific exposure standard
Network, data and fraud protection	RED Art. 3(3)(d)(e) via Delegated Regulation 2022/30 until 10 December 2027, then the CRA	EN 18031 parts 1 and 2, cited with restrictions
Restricted substances	RoHS Art. 4, module A	Technical documentation and supplier declarations
Off mode, standby, networked standby	Regulation 2023/826, if the product type is listed in its Annex II	Power measurements per the regulation
Batteries, if any	Regulation (EU) 2023/1542	Battery-specific obligations
Residual consumer risks	GPSR, only for risks the RED does not cover	General safety assessment

The CE marking acts on that list (RED and RoHS here) go into one EU declaration of conformity. The GPSR, the ecodesign measure and the batteries regulation are separate obligations with their own rules. Missing the RoHS line makes the product non-compliant even with a flawless radio file; missing the CRA date makes it non-compliant on 11 December 2027.

Thresholds, read literally

Numeric triggers decide in or out, and each is worded slightly differently.

Act	Exact trigger	What falls outside
LVD	Voltage rating 50 to 1 000 V AC or 75 to 1 500 V DC	Equipment rated below 50 V AC and 75 V DC (it is then covered by the GPSR only if it is a consumer product)
RoHS	EEE rated up to 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC	Equipment above those ratings
RED	Radio waves below 3 000 GHz, intentionally emitted or received	Infrared devices operating only above 3 000 GHz (RED Guide section 1.7.4.4)
PED	Maximum allowable pressure PS greater than 0.5 bar	PS of 0.5 bar or less
Toys	Play by children under 14 years of age	Products for collectors marked 14 and above, and the other Annex I items
Regulation 2023/826	Household and office equipment listed in Annex II, dependent on mains, rated 250 V or below	Product types not listed in Annex II

Below the LVD floor, nothing in the EMC Directive takes over safety: its Article 2(4) says it does not affect safety legislation, and the Commission EMC Guide (19 December 2018) states that the EMC Directive "is not a safety related Directive".

Dates that change the map, 2024 to 2030

Date	Change	Source
13 December 2024	GPSR applies, replacing the General Product Safety Directive 2001/95/EC	Regulation 2023/988, Art. 52
28 December 2024	Common charger requirements apply to the categories in RED Annex Ia, points 1.1 to 1.12	Directive 2022/2380
9 May 2025	New off mode, standby and networked standby regulation applies	Regulation 2023/826, Art. 10
1 August 2025	RED Art. 3(3)(d)(e)(f) apply to the categories in Delegated Regulation 2022/30	Delegated Regulation 2022/30, as amended by Delegated Regulation 2023/2444
28 April 2026	Common charger requirements apply to laptops (Annex Ia, point 1.13)	Directive 2022/2380
11 June 2026	CRA chapter on notification of conformity assessment bodies applies	Regulation 2024/2847, Art. 71
11 September 2026	CRA reporting obligations (Art. 14) apply	Regulation 2024/2847, Art. 71
20 January 2027	Machinery Regulation applies; Directive 2006/42/EC repealed (dates as corrected by the corrigendum in OJ L 169, 4.7.2023)	Regulation 2023/1230
11 December 2027	CRA applies in full; Delegated Regulation 2022/30 repealed	Regulation 2024/2847, Art. 71; Delegated Regulation 2026/339
1 August 2030	Toy Safety Regulation applies; Directive 2009/48/EC repealed (some articles applied from 1 January 2026)	Regulation 2025/2509, Art. 56 and 59

A classification procedure

Step 1: describe the product as presented

Supply voltage and source, intentional radio (and frequency), moving parts and drive, pressure, intended users and environment, medical purpose, data connection. Intended use is decisive: market surveillance checks the product against its intended purpose as defined by the manufacturer and against reasonably foreseeable use (Blue Guide section 2.8).

Step 2: test each scope article and its exclusions

Go through the tables above. Keep every act whose trigger the product meets and whose exclusion list does not carve it out.

Step 3: apply the exclusions between acts

RED in scope: drop the LVD and the EMC Directive. LVD or RED in scope and the product is a household appliance, IT, audio and video equipment, office machinery, low-voltage switchgear or an electric motor: the Machinery Regulation does not apply to it (Art. 2(2)(p)). Medical purpose: the LVD does not apply (Annex II), the CRA does not apply (Art. 2(2)), and RED Art. 3(3)(d)(e)(f) do not apply (Delegated Regulation 2022/30, Art. 2(1)).

Step 4: add the parallel obligations

RoHS for electrical and electronic equipment not excluded by its Article 2(4); ecodesign and energy labelling measures for the listed product types; batteries; WEEE; the GPSR for consumer products, limited to the risks the harmonisation acts do not cover.

Step 5: resolve the remaining overlaps

Where two retained acts still cover the same hazard, apply the Blue Guide preference for the more specific act and record the risk analysis behind it. The RED Guide (section 10.3) gives the typical cases: radio equipment permanently built into a medical device, a toy or a machine, radio equipment in vehicles, drones, products with integrated batteries.

Step 6: choose the procedure per act

For each retained act, pick a conformity assessment procedure that act allows. See the modular assessment guide and self-declaration vs notified body.

Worked examples

Case A: USB-powered Bluetooth temperature sensor for homes

5 V USB supply, Bluetooth Low Energy, no moving parts, not a toy, no medical purpose, connects to a phone app that reaches the internet.

• It is radio equipment, so the RED covers safety (3(1)(a), no voltage floor), EMC (3(1)(b)) and spectrum (3(2)). The LVD and the EMC Directive do not apply, whatever the voltage.
• It communicates over the internet via other equipment, so RED Art. 3(3)(d) applies; if it processes personal data, 3(3)(e) applies too (Delegated Regulation 2022/30, Art. 1). From 11 December 2027 the CRA replaces those requirements.
• RoHS applies.
• Regulation 2023/826 applies only if the product type is listed in its Annex II and depends on mains power; check rather than assume.

Result: RED + RoHS. Internal production control is possible for every RED requirement only if the harmonised standards are applied in full; the EN 18031 citations carry restrictions, and a design that falls under a restricted option needs a notified body for Article 3(3).

Case B: 230 V industrial control cabinet, no radio

Mains supply, contactors and a motor drive, no intentional radio, sold to industrial customers.

• No radio, so the LVD covers electrical safety (230 V AC is inside its band) and the EMC Directive covers compatibility. If the cabinet is built for one particular fixed installation and not otherwise made available, Article 19 of the EMC Directive relieves it of the apparatus obligations (declaration, CE marking), but the installation must still meet the essential requirements.
• The cabinet itself is low-voltage switchgear and control gear, which Article 2(2)(p)(v) of the Machinery Regulation excludes insofar as the LVD applies. The machine it drives is a separate product, under Directive 2006/42/EC until 19 January 2027 and Regulation 2023/1230 from 20 January 2027; see the machinery guide.
• RoHS applies unless the cabinet is part of a large-scale fixed installation or a large-scale stationary industrial tool (Art. 2(4)(d) and (e)).
• The GPSR does not apply if consumers are not intended or likely to use it.

Result: LVD + EMC + RoHS, all with module A available.

Case C: battery-powered Bluetooth device with a medical purpose (illustrative)

• The medical purpose brings the MDR Regulation 2017/745 in as the vertical act; its class decides notified body involvement (Art. 52). See the MDR guide.
• It is radio equipment, so the RED applies for safety, EMC and spectrum (the LVD would be excluded twice over: by RED Art. 1(4) and by LVD Annex II for medical equipment).
• RED Art. 3(3)(d)(e)(f) do not apply (Delegated Regulation 2022/30, Art. 2(1)), and the CRA does not apply (Art. 2(2)(a)). Cybersecurity is assessed under the MDR.
• RoHS applies to medical devices placed on the market from 22 July 2014 (Art. 4(3)); active implantable medical devices are excluded (Art. 2(4)(h)).

Result: MDR + RED + RoHS, with the RED limited to Article 3(1) and 3(2).

Claims the texts contradict

Common claim	What the text says
"Below the LVD floor, safety is picked up by the EMC Directive immunity logic" (this page said so before)	EMC Directive Art. 2(4): it does not affect safety legislation. The Commission EMC Guide calls it "not a safety related Directive". Below 50 V AC / 75 V DC, safety comes from the RED if the product is radio equipment, from a sector act, or from the GPSR if it is a consumer product
"The GPSR is the backstop for any residual risk"	The GPSR covers consumer products only (Art. 3(1)), and for harmonised products only the risks the harmonisation act does not cover (Art. 2(1)). Professional-only products have no general backstop
"Article 3.3 of the RED (cybersecurity) applies since 1 August 2025" (this page said so without qualification)	Only points (d), (e) and (f), and only for the categories listed in Delegated Regulation 2022/30. The other points of Article 3(3) apply only to categories that a delegated act designates. Delegated Regulation 2022/30 is repealed from 11 December 2027
"A radio medical device follows the RED for cybersecurity" (this page said so in its medical example)	Delegated Regulation 2022/30 Art. 2(1) disapplies 3(3)(d)(e)(f) to devices under the MDR or IVDR, and CRA Art. 2(2) excludes them
"The Machinery Regulation excludes certain vehicles, weapons and specific high-voltage equipment" (this page, as a summary)	True but incomplete: Art. 2(2) also excludes household appliances, IT, audio and video equipment, office machinery, low-voltage switchgear and control gear and electric motors insofar as the LVD or the RED applies. That is the exclusion most electronics products meet
"The Toy Safety Directive excludes sports equipment and decorative items"	Those are in Annex I, the list of products not considered toys, with conditions (sports equipment for children over 20 kg; decorative objects for festivities). The Article 2(2) exclusions are a different, shorter list
"ATEX needs a notified body for most categories"	Article 13: required for categories M1 and 1, and for electrical equipment and engines in M2 and 2. Non-electrical category 2 equipment uses internal production control with the file lodged at a notified body; category 3 is internal production control
"MDR needs a notified body from class IIa"	Also for class I devices placed on the market sterile, with a measuring function, or as reusable surgical instruments, for those aspects (Art. 52(7))
"Unintentional radiators in the US use an SDoC" (this page said so before)	47 CFR 15.101: most unintentional radiators may use SDoC or certification; scanning receivers, radar detectors and Access BPL require certification

Mapping to the United States

The US also splits the obligations by hazard, but the instruments are different and there is no single mark.

EU axis	US instrument	What the text says
Electrical safety (LVD, RED 3(1)(a))	OSHA electrical rules for workplaces	29 CFR 1910.303(a): equipment is acceptable only if approved, as defined in 1910.399 (in practice, listed or labelled by an NRTL). This applies to equipment used by employers; see NRTL and UL
EMC, unintentional emissions	FCC Part 15 Subpart B	47 CFR 15.101: SDoC or certification for most devices, certification for scanning receivers, radar detectors and Access BPL
Intentional radio (RED 3(2))	FCC Part 15 Subpart C and licensed-service parts	Certification by a TCB, with an FCC ID; see FCC ID, grantee and TCB
Medical purpose (MDR)	FDA	Separate regime, see FDA 510(k), De Novo and PMA

The method transfers, the list does not: the US version of the same thermostat ends up with an FCC authorisation for the radio and digital emissions, an NRTL listing driven by OSHA and retailer requirements, and any sector rule. See the CE pillar and the RED pillar for the EU detail.

Beyond the EU

The RED Guide (section 1.2.1) notes that the RED also applies in the EEA EFTA States (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway) and in Türkiye. Switzerland applies its own legislation aligned with the RED and recognises EU conformity assessment through the EU and Switzerland Mutual Recognition Agreement, but a product placed on the Swiss market is not placed on the EU market (RED Guide section 1.2.3.1). For the United Kingdom, a third country since 1 February 2020, the Blue Guide sections 2.9.5 and 2.9.6 (Northern Ireland) apply. Safety test evidence often travels through the CB Scheme, while radio rules stay national.

See also

• Getting started with certification: where to begin
• Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU: a guide
• EMC Directive 2014/30/EU: a guide
• GPSR: the General Product Safety Regulation
• Harmonised standards and presumption of conformity
• EU AI Act: product compliance for manufacturers
• Cyber Resilience Act (CRA)
• RoHS: restriction of hazardous substances

Working on mapping a specific product to its applicable EU directives and regulations for a real product? AESTECHNO can audit your design and certification plan. Get in touch

Sources & references

1. The 'Blue Guide' on the implementation of EU product rules 2022 (OJ C 247, 29.6.2022), European Commission eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022XC0629(04)
2. Directive 2014/35/EU (Low Voltage Directive), Article 1 and Annex II, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/35/oj
3. Directive 2014/30/EU (Electromagnetic Compatibility), Articles 2, 14 and 19, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/30/oj
4. Directive 2014/53/EU (Radio Equipment Directive), Articles 1 to 3 and 17, Annex I, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/53/oj
5. Directive (EU) 2022/2380 amending the RED (common charger), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2380/oj
6. Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/30 (RED Article 3(3)(d)(e)(f)), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2022/30/oj
7. Delegated Regulation (EU) 2026/339 repealing Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/30, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_del/2026/339/oj
8. Regulation (EU) 2024/2847 (Cyber Resilience Act), Articles 2 and 71, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/2847/oj
9. Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS), Articles 2, 4 and 7, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/oj
10. Regulation (EU) 2023/988 (General Product Safety Regulation), Articles 2 and 3, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/988/oj
11. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery, Articles 2 and 25, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1230/oj
12. Directive 2009/48/EC (Toy Safety Directive), Articles 2 and 19, Annex I, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2009/48/oj
13. Regulation (EU) 2025/2509 on the safety of toys, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2025/2509/oj
14. Directive 2014/68/EU (Pressure Equipment Directive), Articles 1 and 14, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/68/oj
15. Directive 2014/34/EU (ATEX), Article 13, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/34/oj
16. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 (Medical Devices Regulation), Article 52, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj
17. Regulation (EU) 2023/826 (off mode, standby and networked standby), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/826/oj
18. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1542/oj
19. Guide to the Radio Equipment Directive 2014/53/EU (current version), European Commission ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/33162
20. Guide for the EMCD (Directive 2014/30/EU), 19 December 2018, European Commission ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/33601
21. CE marking, single market for goods, European Commission single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/single-market/goods/ce-marking_en
22. 47 CFR 15.101, equipment authorization of unintentional radiators, eCFR (US Government Publishing Office) www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-15/subpart-B/section-15.101
23. 29 CFR 1910.303, electrical equipment approval (OSHA), eCFR (US Government Publishing Office) www.ecfr.gov/current/title-29/subtitle-B/chapter-XVII/part-1910/subpart-S/section-1910.303