Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU: a guide

Hugues Orgitelloupdated 7 Oct 202620 min read

The Low Voltage Directive, Directive 2014/35/EU, sets the safety objectives for electrical equipment rated between 50 and 1000 V AC or 75 and 1500 V DC, and it applies alongside the EMC Directive to most mains-powered products that contain no radio. It has applied since 20 April 2016 and has one conformity route, module A, with no notified body. This page is built from the directive text, the consolidated list of harmonised standards (Implementing Decision (EU) 2023/2723 as of 30 April 2026) and the Commission LVD Guide. It covers what the text says about scope, exclusions, safety objectives, cited standards, the technical file, the declaration and the CE marking, the borders with the RED, the Machinery rules and the GPSR, and the readings the text does not support.

What the LVD is, in one paragraph

The LVD is the recast of Directive 2006/95/EC, itself the codification of the original Directive 73/23/EEC of 1973. It was adopted on 26 February 2014, published in OJ L 96 of 29 March 2014, and applies from 20 April 2016 (Articles 26 to 28). Article 3 states the rule: electrical equipment may be made available on the Union market only if, having been constructed in accordance with good engineering practice in safety matters in force in the Union, it does not endanger the health and safety of persons and domestic animals, or property, when properly installed and maintained and used in applications for which it was made. Annex I lists the principal elements of those safety objectives; harmonised standards translate them into tests. No certificate is issued under the LVD: the manufacturer assesses, documents and declares. See the CE pillar for how the LVD fits inside the wider CE framework.

Key dates

Date	Event	Source
19 Feb 1973	Directive 73/23/EEC, the original LVD	LVD, footnote 3
26 Feb 2014	Directive 2014/35/EU adopted (OJ L 96, 29.3.2014)	LVD
20 Apr 2016	LVD applies; Directive 2006/95/EC repealed. Equipment placed on the market under 2006/95/EC before that date can still be made available	LVD, Articles 25 to 27
13 June 2016	RED replaces the R&TTE Directive; radio equipment leaves the LVD, wired telecom terminal equipment in the voltage range joins it	LVD Guide, § 72
13 Dec 2023	Implementing Decision (EU) 2023/2723 publishes the current list of harmonised standards, repealing Decision 2019/1956	Decision 2023/2723, Articles 1 to 4
11 Jul 2024	EN 60598-1:2015 with A1:2018 stops giving presumption; EN IEC 60598-1:2021 with A11:2022 remains	Decision 2023/2723, Annex III
13 Dec 2024	GPSR (EU) 2023/988 applies	GPSR, Article 52
18 Jul 2025	Decision (EU) 2025/1457 adds row 155a: EN 60335-1:2012 to A15:2021 with a clause 20.2 restriction	Decision 2025/1457
20 Jan 2027	Machinery Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 applies	Regulation 2023/1230, Article 54
18 Jan 2027	Unrestricted row 155 (EN 60335-1) is deleted; only the restricted row 155a remains	Decision 2025/1457, Article 2

The directive, article by article

Article	What it does	Practical point
1	Scope: 50 to 1000 V AC, 75 to 1500 V DC, minus Annex II	Voltage rating, not internal voltage
2	Definitions (making available, placing on the market, manufacturer, importer, distributor, harmonised standard)	"Electrical equipment" itself is not defined; the LVD Guide uses the IEC vocabulary
3	Safety objectives, detailed in Annex I	Covers persons, domestic animals and property
4	Free movement	Member States may not impede compliant equipment
5	Supply of electricity	Electricity supply bodies may not impose stricter safety requirements for grid connection
6	Manufacturer obligations	Technical file, module A, declaration, CE marking, 10-year retention, type or serial number, name and postal address, instructions and safety information in a language the Member State determines
7	Authorised representative	Cannot be mandated to design the product or draw up the technical file
8	Importer obligations	Name and address on the product, keep the declaration 10 years
9	Distributor obligations	Check CE marking, documents, instructions and traceability details
10	Importer or distributor becomes manufacturer	Own brand, or a modification that may affect compliance
11	Identification of economic operators	Name supplier and customer for 10 years
12	Presumption from harmonised standards	Only references published in the OJ
13	Presumption from IEC standards	Only where no harmonised standard exists, under a notification procedure
14	Presumption from national standards	Only where neither of the above exists
15	EU declaration of conformity	Annex IV structure, single declaration for all applicable acts
16, 17	CE marking	On the equipment or its data plate, before placing on the market
18 to 22	Market surveillance, safeguard, formal non-compliance	Missing declaration or incomplete file is formal non-compliance (Article 22)
24	Penalties	Set by Member States, may include criminal penalties for serious infringements

Scope and the voltage limits

Article 1 is short: the directive applies to electrical equipment designed for use with a voltage rating of between 50 and 1000 V for alternating current and between 75 and 1500 V for direct current, other than the equipment and phenomena listed in Annex II.

Current type	Lower limit	Upper limit
Alternating current (AC)	50 V	1000 V
Direct current (DC)	75 V	1500 V

The Commission LVD Guide (August 2018, § 6) adds the reading that matters in practice:

• Voltage ratings refer to the electrical input or output, not to voltages that may appear inside the equipment. Internally there may be higher voltages.
• A product is in scope if either its rated input voltage or its rated output voltage (or both) is inside the range.
• Equipment exceeding 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC is outside the directive.
• Battery-operated equipment outside the voltage rating is outside the LVD, but an accompanying battery charger, and equipment with an integrated power supply unit within the LVD ranges, are in scope. The guide names notebooks: the computer is below the floor, its power supply unit is not.

The guide also deals with components (§ 7). Basic components whose safety depends almost entirely on how they are integrated (integrated circuits, transistors, diodes, capacitors, resistors, connectors, relays for printed circuit boards, micro switches) are not covered as such and must not be CE marked unless another Union act requires it. Components for which a risk assessment can be made, such as transformers and electric motors, are covered and must be CE marked.

Worked scoping examples

Product	What decides	In LVD scope?
External power supply, 230 V AC input, 5 V DC output	Input in the AC band	Yes
Telecom rectifier, 230 V AC input, 48 V DC output	Input in the AC band (the 48 V output does not take it out)	Yes
Equipment fed only from a 48 V DC bus, no mains input	Below the 75 V DC floor, input and output	No
Battery sensor, 3.6 V cell, no radio, no charger supplied	Below both floors	No (GPSR if a consumer product)
Notebook computer and its external power supply	Computer below the floor; power supply input in the AC band	Computer no, power supply yes
Industrial drive, 400 V AC three-phase	Input in the AC band	Yes
Wired analogue telephone or modem without Wi-Fi, mains powered	Not radio equipment, LVD Guide § 72	Yes
Wi-Fi router, 230 V AC	Radio equipment, RED Article 1(4)	No, RED instead
Hand-held power tool	Machinery, LVD Guide footnote 9	No, Machinery rules instead

Exclusions: Annex II

Annex II lists the equipment and phenomena outside the scope. The LVD Guide (§ 58) calls the list exhaustive and gives the reason for each entry.

Annex II entry	Why it is excluded (LVD Guide § 58)
Electrical equipment for use in an explosive atmosphere	Covered by the ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU
Electrical equipment for radiology and medical purposes	Covered by the medical devices legislation, now Regulation (EU) 2017/745
Electrical parts for goods and passenger lifts	Covered by the Lifts Directive 2014/33/EU
Electricity meters	Listed without further explanation in the guide
Plugs and socket outlets for domestic use	No harmonised household plug system in Europe; special plugs and sockets (appliance couplers, industrial) are not excluded
Electric fence controllers	Specialised, limited numbers; type certification under national law in some Member States
Radio-electrical interference	A phenomenon, covered by the EMC Directive 2014/30/EU; the safety of the same equipment stays under the LVD
Specialised electrical equipment for use on ships, aircraft or railways, complying with safety provisions of international bodies in which the Member States participate	Covered by international rules (UNECE, IMO, ICAO) or related EU acts
Custom built evaluation kits destined for professionals to be used solely at research and development facilities for such purposes	New in 2014; all elements must be met

The evaluation kit exclusion is narrower than it reads. The guide requires a kit built on a specific request, or for the specific requirements, of a specific customer or group in a joint research and development project, used solely at public or private R&D bodies. If the kit is later supplied on a regular basis, or used outside that project, it is no longer a custom built evaluation kit. Evaluation equipment sold to R&D departments in general, always the same design, does not qualify.

The safety objectives: Annex I

Annex I is titled "principal elements of the safety objectives for electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits". It has three points and ten sub-points.

Point	Requirement (paraphrased closely from the text)
1(a)	Essential characteristics needed for safe use are marked on the equipment or, if not possible, in an accompanying document
1(b)	Equipment and its component parts can be safely and properly assembled and connected
1(c)	Designed and manufactured so that protection against the hazards in points 2 and 3 is assured, when used as intended and adequately maintained
2(a)	Persons and domestic animals adequately protected against physical injury or other harm from direct or indirect contact
2(b)	Temperatures, arcs or radiation which would cause a danger are not produced
2(c)	Persons, domestic animals and property adequately protected against non-electrical dangers caused by the equipment which are revealed by experience
2(d)	Insulation suitable for foreseeable conditions
3(a)	Meets expected mechanical requirements, without endangering persons, domestic animals and property
3(b)	Resistant to non-mechanical influences in expected environmental conditions
3(c)	Does not endanger persons, domestic animals and property in foreseeable conditions of overload

Point 2(c) is the one cited in the 2025 restriction on EN 60335-1 below: an objective that sounds general is what the Commission used to deny presumption to a specific clause of a specific standard.

Harmonised standards and presumption of conformity

Article 12 gives presumption of conformity to equipment that conforms to harmonised standards, or parts of them, whose references have been published in the Official Journal, and only for the safety objectives those standards cover. Where no harmonised standard exists, Article 13 allows presumption from IEC safety provisions notified by the Commission, and Article 14 from national standards of the manufacturing Member State. Applying a standard is voluntary; if none is applied, the technical file must describe the solutions adopted to meet the safety objectives (Annex III, point 2(d)).

The current list is Implementing Decision (EU) 2023/2723, published on 13 December 2023 and amended by Decisions (EU) 2024/1198, 2024/2764, 2025/1457 and 2025/1488. The references below are those in the consolidated version dated 30 April 2026.

Product family	Reference cited under the LVD	Note
Audio, video, ICT	EN 62368-1:2014 with AC:2015 (row 555)	No later edition of EN 62368-1 is in the list
Household appliances, general part	EN 60335-1:2012 with AC:2014, A11:2014, A13:2017, A1:2019, A14:2019, A2:2019, A15:2021	Row 155a carries a restriction; unrestricted row 155 deleted from 18 January 2027
Measurement, control, laboratory	EN 61010-1:2010 with A1:2019 and A1:2019/AC:2019-04 (row 398)	Testing and measuring circuits: EN IEC 61010-2-030:2021 with A11:2021 (row 403)
Luminaires	EN 60598-1: EN IEC 60598-1:2021 with A11:2022 (row 263)	EN 60598-1:2015 with A1:2018 withdrawn on 11 July 2024
Lamp control gear	EN 61347-1:2015 (row 446)	General and safety requirements
LED modules	EN IEC 62031:2020 with A11:2021 (row 535)	Safety of LED modules for general lighting
Transformers, power supply units	EN IEC 61558-1:2019 (row 491)	General requirements and tests

EN 62368-1, the hazard-based standard

EN 62368-1 classifies energy sources by the harm they can cause and requires safeguards proportionate to that harm. EN 60950-1 and EN 60065, the older ICT and audio/video standards, do not appear in the current list. The point to retain for an LVD file is the edition: the reference cited under the LVD is EN 62368-1:2014 with its 2015 corrigendum. A test report to a later edition is valid engineering evidence, but it does not by itself trigger Article 12 presumption; the file then has to show how the safety objectives are met. See the dedicated guide on IEC 62368-1 safety engineering.

EN 60335-1 and the 2025 restriction

EN 60335-1 is the general part for household and similar appliances, applied together with the relevant EN 60335-2-x part (for example EN 60335-2-2 for vacuum cleaners or EN 60335-2-3 for irons, both in the list). Decision (EU) 2025/1457 records that Germany raised a formal objection on 25 May 2023, and that the Commission concluded the standard fails to meet point 2(c) of Annex I. Since 18 July 2025 row 155a cites EN 60335-1:2012 up to A15:2021 with this restriction: the part of clause 20.2 that refers to the test probe similar to test probe B gives no presumption of conformity. From 18 January 2027 the unrestricted row 155 is deleted. EN IEC 60335-1:2023 is not in the list. The dedicated guide on EN 60335 household appliance safety covers the part 1 plus part 2 structure.

EN 61010-1, laboratory and measurement

EN 61010-1 covers electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use. It is completed by particular parts in the list, including EN IEC 61010-2-030:2021 for equipment having testing or measuring circuits, and EN IEC 61010-2-010, 2-011 and 2-012 for heating, refrigerating and climatic test equipment. See the dedicated guide on IEC 61010 laboratory and measurement safety.

EN 60598, luminaires

The EN 60598-1 general part for luminaires is cited as EN IEC 60598-1:2021 with A11:2022, completed by EN 60598-2-x parts for specific luminaire types. LED modules and lamp control gear are separate products with their own cited standards (EN IEC 62031 and the EN 61347 series). The dedicated guide on EN 60598 luminaire and LED safety covers the detail.

Using a standard correctly

• Cite the reference listed in the OJ, with its amendments. Article 12 attaches presumption to the published reference, and restrictions published with it limit that presumption.
• Read the restriction column. Since 2025, EN 60335-1 is cited with a clause that does not confer presumption.
• Track changes. Article 6(4) requires changes in the harmonised standards to be "adequately taken into account" for series production.
• Combine the parts. For the 60335, 60598 and 61010 families, part 1 alone is not the whole answer.

For the mechanics of citation and withdrawal, see harmonised standards and presumption of conformity.

Conformity assessment: module A only

Annex III contains one procedure, module A, internal production control. There is no module B, no module H, and no role for a notified body.

1. Technical documentation (point 2). It must make it possible to assess conformity and must include an adequate analysis and assessment of the risks.
2. Manufacturing (point 3). The manufacturing process and its monitoring must ensure compliance with the technical documentation.
3. CE marking and declaration (point 4). The CE marking is affixed to each individual item; a written EU declaration of conformity is drawn up for the product model and kept with the file for 10 years.

Point 5 allows an authorised representative to fulfil the point 4 obligations if the mandate says so, but Article 7(1) excludes the design obligation and the drawing up of the technical documentation from any mandate. For the wider comparison of when self-declaration suffices, see self-declaration versus notified body.

What the technical documentation must contain

Annex III, point 2, lists the elements "where applicable":

Point	Element
2(a)	A general description of the electrical equipment
2(b)	Conceptual design and manufacturing drawings and schemes of components, sub-assemblies, circuits
2(c)	Descriptions and explanations needed to understand those drawings and the operation of the equipment
2(d)	List of harmonised standards (or Article 13 and 14 standards) applied in full or in part; where not applied, the solutions adopted, including other technical specifications; for partly applied standards, the parts applied
2(e)	Results of design calculations made, examinations carried out
2(f)	Test reports

The risk analysis is not optional decoration: it is in the opening paragraph of point 2. See technical documentation file contents for a cross-directive view.

The EU Declaration of Conformity

The EU declaration of conformity (DoC) states that fulfilment of the Annex I safety objectives has been demonstrated (Article 15(1)). Under Article 15(2) it follows the model structure of Annex IV, contains the elements of module A, is continuously updated, and is translated into the languages required by the Member State. Annex IV asks for: product model (product, type, batch or serial number); name and address of the manufacturer or authorised representative; the sole responsibility statement; the object of the declaration (a colour image may be included); the relevant Union harmonisation legislation; references of the harmonised standards or other technical specifications; additional information; place and date of issue, name, function and signature. Numbering the declaration is optional.

Article 15(3) requires a single declaration where the equipment is subject to more than one Union act requiring one, identifying each act with its publication reference. Recital 22 adds that this single declaration may be a dossier made up of the individual declarations. See the guide on the EU Declaration of Conformity.

CE marking

Article 16 applies the general principles of Article 30 of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008. Article 17(1) requires the CE marking to be affixed visibly, legibly and indelibly to the electrical equipment or to its data plate; only where that is not possible or not warranted on account of the nature of the equipment does it go on the packaging and the accompanying documents. Article 17(2): before the equipment is placed on the market. Since the LVD involves no notified body, nothing in the LVD puts a number after the CE marking; a number on a product comes from another act that involves a notified body. Graphic rules are in the guide on CE marking dimensions.

Boundaries with the other directives

Other rule	Relationship with the LVD	Text
Directive 2014/30/EU (EMC)	Complementary: radio-electrical interference is excluded from the LVD and covered by the EMC Directive; safety stays under the LVD	LVD Annex II; LVD Guide § 58
Directive 2014/53/EU (RED)	Radio equipment is not subject to the LVD, except through RED Article 3(1)(a), which applies the LVD safety objectives "with no voltage limit applying"	RED Articles 1(4) and 3(1)(a)
Directive 2006/42/EC (Machinery)	Household appliances, audio and video, IT equipment, ordinary office machinery, low-voltage switchgear and control gear, and electric motors covered by the LVD are excluded from the Machinery Directive. Other machinery applies the LVD safety objectives, but conformity assessment for electrical hazards is governed solely by the Machinery Directive	Directive 2006/42/EC, Article 1(2)(k) and Annex I point 1.5.1
Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 (Machinery, from 20 January 2027)	Same exclusion list (household appliances other than electrically operated furniture; office machinery other than additive printing machinery), now for products within the scope of the LVD or the RED; same point 1.5.1 rule	Regulation 2023/1230, Article 2(2)(p), Annex III point 1.5.1
Regulation 2023/988 (GPSR)	Applies only to aspects and risks not covered by specific Union safety requirements	GPSR, Article 2(1)

LVD and EMC

The two directives look at different properties of the same product. A 230 V appliance with a switched-mode power supply needs an LVD safety assessment and an EMC emission and immunity assessment, declared in one EU declaration under Article 15(3).

LVD and the RED

When a product is radio equipment, Article 1(4) of the RED removes it from the LVD, and RED Article 3(1)(a) brings back the LVD safety objectives without the 50 V and 75 V floors. Two consequences follow. A radio product does not list the LVD in its declaration; its safety is declared under the RED, often with the same safety standard. And a 5 V radio product is not "too low voltage" for safety requirements: the voltage floors disappear. The LVD Guide (§ 72) also notes that sound and TV receive-only equipment moved from the LVD to the RED in 2016. See the RED checklist.

LVD and the Machinery rules

The LVD Guide (§ 70) explains that the Machinery Directive draws the borderline through its Article 1(2)(k) exclusion list, and that "household appliances" means equipment for housekeeping functions such as washing, cleaning, heating, cooling and cooking; electrical gardening machinery and power tools for construction and repair work in the home are not covered by that exclusion. For machinery that is in the Machinery scope, Annex I point 1.5.1 applies the LVD safety objectives, but conformity assessment for electrical hazards is governed solely by the Machinery Directive, so the LVD is not listed as a separate act for those hazards. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 keeps the same structure from 20 January 2027, and its recital 18 explains that household appliances gaining Wi-Fi functions, covered by the RED, are excluded too. See the Machinery guide.

LVD and the GPSR

The GPSR applies to products "insofar as there are no specific provisions with the same objective under Union law", and where specific requirements exist it covers only the aspects and risks those requirements do not cover (Article 2(1)). For a consumer product inside the LVD, the LVD governs electrical safety. For a consumer product below the voltage floors and with no radio, the GPSR is the general safety framework. See GPSR.

Claims the texts contradict

Common claim	What the text says
"A 48 V DC telecom rectifier is outside the LVD because its output is below 75 V DC." (this page said so until October 2026)	The LVD Guide (§ 6) counts the rated input or the rated output. A rectifier with a 230 V AC input is in scope.
"A 5 V Bluetooth gadget is too low voltage for electrical safety rules."	RED Article 3(1)(a) applies the LVD safety objectives with no voltage limit. Only a product with no radio function escapes through the floors.
"EN IEC 62368-1:2020 (or 2024) is the harmonised edition under the LVD."	The consolidated Decision 2023/2723 (30 April 2026) cites EN 62368-1:2014 with AC:2015 only.
"EN 60335-1 gives full presumption."	Since Decision 2025/1457, the part of clause 20.2 that refers to the probe similar to test probe B does not; the unrestricted reference is deleted from 18 January 2027.
"EN 60598-1:2015 is the luminaire reference."	Withdrawn on 11 July 2024; EN IEC 60598-1:2021 with A11:2022 is cited.
"EN 60598 covers LED drivers and LED modules." (this page said so until October 2026)	Lamp control gear and LED modules have their own cited standards, EN 61347 and EN IEC 62031.
"If not possible on the product, put the CE marking on the packaging or the documents."	Article 17(1) says the packaging and the accompanying documents, and first the data plate.
"Development boards are excluded from the LVD."	Only custom built evaluation kits for professionals used solely at R&D facilities; the LVD Guide lists general R&D evaluation equipment as not exempt.
"Every component going into an LVD product needs its own CE marking."	Basic components (ICs, transistors, capacitors, connectors) are not covered and must not be CE marked under the LVD; transformers and motors are covered (LVD Guide § 7).
"Power tools are LVD products."	The LVD Guide (footnote 9 and § 70) puts hand-held and transportable power tools and lawnmowers under the Machinery Directive.
"Domestic plugs and sockets are CE marked under the LVD."	Annex II excludes plugs and socket outlets for domestic use; special plugs and sockets for appliance couplers or industrial use are not excluded (LVD Guide § 58).
"The authorised representative can prepare the technical file."	Article 7(1) excludes the design obligation and drawing up the technical documentation from the mandate.

A worked example

Product: a 230 V AC desktop appliance with a display and an external power button, no radio.

1. Scope. Rated input 230 V AC, inside the AC band: the LVD applies. Not radio equipment, so the RED does not apply. An information technology product, so the Machinery Directive excludes it under Article 1(2)(k).
2. Companion acts. The EMC Directive 2014/30/EU, and RoHS Directive 2011/65/EU for restricted substances (see the RoHS guide).
3. Standard. EN 62368-1. The cited reference is EN 62368-1:2014 with AC:2015; if the lab report is to a later edition, the file explains, under Annex III point 2(d), how the safety objectives are met.
4. Conformity route. Module A. The manufacturer runs or commissions the safety tests (for example at an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited lab), writes the risk analysis and compiles the Annex III file.
5. Declaration. One EU declaration of conformity covering the LVD, the EMC Directive and RoHS, each identified with its publication reference (Article 15(3)).
6. Marking and identification. CE marking on the equipment or its data plate; type, batch or serial number; manufacturer name and postal address (Article 6(5) and (6)); instructions and safety information in the language the Member State requires (Article 6(7)).
7. Retention. File and declaration kept for 10 years from placing on the market.

Same hardware with a Wi-Fi module. It becomes radio equipment. RED Article 1(4) takes it out of the LVD; safety is declared under RED Article 3(1)(a), EMC under Article 3(1)(b), and the radio spectrum under Article 3(2). The safety engineering does not change; the legal envelope does.

Common pitfalls

• Scoping by output only. The input counts too: a mains-input product with a low-voltage output is in scope.
• Citing an edition that is not in the list. Presumption attaches to the reference published in the OJ, with its restrictions.
• Applying only part 1 of a series. For EN 60335, EN 60598 and EN 61010, the relevant part 2 applies with it.
• Listing the LVD on a radio product. RED Article 1(4) excludes it; the safety objectives come through RED Article 3(1)(a).
• Forgetting the supplied power unit. A charger or external power supply in the voltage range is LVD equipment in its own right.
• Forgetting the language requirements. Instructions, safety information and the declaration must be in the languages the Member State requires (Articles 6(7) and 15(2)).

See also

• Which EU directives apply to my product?
• EMC Directive 2014/30/EU: a guide
• GPSR: the General Product Safety Regulation
• IP and IK ratings: ingress protection explained
• CB Scheme (IECEE): global safety via one report
• Harmonised standards and presumption of conformity
• Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and Regulation 2023/1230

Working on LVD scoping, safety-standard selection and technical-file preparation for an electronic product targeting CE marking for a real product? AESTECHNO can audit your design and certification plan. Get in touch

Sources & references

1. Directive 2014/35/EU on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/35/oj
2. Implementing Decision (EU) 2023/2723 on harmonised standards for electrical equipment, consolidated version of 30 April 2026, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2023/2723/2026-04-30
3. Implementing Decision (EU) 2025/1457 amending Decision 2023/2723 (EN 60335-1 restriction, rows 155, 176 and 206 deleted), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2025/1457/oj
4. Electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (LVD Guide), August 2018, European Commission ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/31221
5. Low Voltage Directive (LVD), sector page, European Commission single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/electrical-and-electronic-engineering-industries-eei/low-voltage-directive-lvd_en
6. Directive 2014/53/EU on radio equipment (RED), Articles 1(4) and 3(1)(a), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/53/oj
7. Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery, Article 1(2)(k) and Annex I point 1.5.1, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/42/oj
8. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery, Article 2(2)(p), Annex III point 1.5.1 and Article 54, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1230/oj
9. Regulation (EU) 2023/988 on general product safety (GPSR), Article 2(1), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/988/oj
10. Blue Guide on the implementation of EU product rules 2022, European Commission eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52022XC0629(04)