RoHS 2011/65/EU: 10 substances, exemptions, 2026 dates

Hugues Orgitello updated 7 Oct 2026 17 min read

Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS) restricts ten substances in electrical and electronic equipment placed on the EU market: lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PBB, PBDE and four phthalates at 0.1% by weight in each homogeneous material, and cadmium at 0.01%. The text has been amended dozens of times by delegated directives; the consolidated version used here is the one of 1 July 2026. Three things changed recently. In 2025 the Commission split the main lead exemptions (high-melting solders, lead in glass and ceramics, lead in steel, aluminium and copper) into narrower entries that apply from 1 July 2026 and expire between December 2026 and December 2027. Directive (EU) 2025/2456 moves exemption and restriction assessments to the European Chemicals Agency from 13 August 2027. And the 2023 review closed the door on a general recast for now. This guide sets out the substances, the scope dates per category, the exemption rules and the dated list of expiries, the IEC standards used for the file and the tests, and the misreadings that circulate about all of them.

TL;DR:

• 10 substances: Pb, Hg, Cr VI, PBB, PBDE, DEHP, BBP, DBP, DIBP at 0.1%; Cd at 0.01%; always per homogeneous material (Article 4(2), Annex II).
• Every product category is now in scope: category 11 ("other EEE") since 22 July 2019 (Article 4(3)).
• Exemptions last up to 5 years (up to 7 for categories 8 and 9) and stay valid while a renewal filed 18 months ahead is pending (Article 5(2) and 5(5)).
• Lead exemptions 6(a) to 6(c), 7(a) and 7(c) were rewritten in 2025: check your BOM against the new sub-entries before 30 June 2027.
• Conformity: module A, EU declaration of conformity, CE marking, file kept 10 years; harmonised standard EN IEC 63000:2018.

From RoHS 1 to RoHS 2

Directive 2002/95/EC, the first RoHS directive, was adopted alongside the WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC and restricted six substances (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr VI, PBB, PBDE). Directive 2011/65/EU is its recast: Member States had to transpose it by 2 January 2013 (Article 25) and Directive 2002/95/EC was repealed with effect from 3 January 2013 (Article 26).

The recast changed the nature of the regime more than the list of substances. It aligned RoHS with the New Legislative Framework: manufacturers carry out module A internal production control of Decision 768/2008/EC, draw up an EU declaration of conformity and affix the CE marking (Article 7). It spelt out obligations for authorised representatives, importers and distributors (Articles 8 to 10). It extended scope in stages to medical devices, monitoring and control instruments and, through category 11, to all other EEE (Article 4(3)). And it set a procedure to grant, renew and revoke exemptions by delegated act, with fixed maximum durations (Article 5).

The EMC, Low Voltage and Radio Equipment directives apply alongside RoHS; for how they combine under the CE marking, see the CE marking guide and the CE scope page.

Scope: the eleven categories and their start dates

Annex I lists eleven categories. The restriction in Article 4(1) did not start on the same day for all of them: Article 4(3), as amended by Directive (EU) 2017/2102, gives the dates.

Category (Annex I)	Restriction of the six original substances applies to EEE placed on the market from	Four phthalates from
1 to 7 and 10 (household appliances, IT and telecom, consumer, lighting, tools, toys and leisure, automatic dispensers)	Already restricted under RoHS 1 (the Article 4(4) spare-part cut-off is 1 July 2006)	22 July 2019
8, medical devices	22 July 2014	22 July 2021
8, in vitro diagnostic medical devices	22 July 2016	22 July 2021
9, monitoring and control instruments	22 July 2014	22 July 2021
9, industrial monitoring and control instruments	22 July 2017	22 July 2021
11, other EEE not covered by any category above	22 July 2019	22 July 2019

"EEE" is defined in Article 3(1): equipment dependent on electric currents or electromagnetic fields to work properly, designed for a voltage rating not exceeding 1 000 V AC and 1 500 V DC. "Dependent" means needing current or fields for at least one intended function (Article 3(2)), which is why a product with a single electrical feature is in scope.

Article 2(4) excludes, among others: equipment for the essential security interests of Member States, including arms and war material; equipment designed to be sent into space; equipment specifically designed to be installed in excluded equipment; large-scale stationary industrial tools; large-scale fixed installations; means of transport for persons or goods, except electric two-wheel vehicles that are not type-approved; non-road mobile machinery made available exclusively for professional use; active implantable medical devices; photovoltaic panels installed by professionals for permanent use at a defined location; equipment designed solely for research and development and made available business-to-business only; and pipe organs, added by Directive 2017/2102.

The ten restricted substances (Annex II)

Annex II, in the version substituted by Delegated Directive (EU) 2015/863, sets the maximum concentration values tolerated by weight in homogeneous materials.

Substance	Maximum concentration	Notes from the text
Lead (Pb)	0.1%	Most exemptions in Annex III concern lead
Mercury (Hg)	0.1%	Lamp exemptions are expressed in mg per lamp or burner
Cadmium (Cd)	0.01%	The only substance at 0.01%
Hexavalent chromium (Cr VI)	0.1%	Trivalent chromium is not listed
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)	0.1%
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)	0.1%
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)	0.1%	Added by 2015/863
Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP)	0.1%	Added by 2015/863
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)	0.1%	Added by 2015/863
Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP)	0.1%	Added by 2015/863

Directive 2015/863 had to be transposed by 31 December 2016 and applied from 22 July 2019 (its Article 2). Annex II adds three phthalate-specific rules: the restriction applies to medical devices (including in vitro diagnostic devices) and monitoring and control instruments (including industrial ones) from 22 July 2021; it does not apply to cables or spare parts for EEE placed on the market before 22 July 2019, or before 22 July 2021 for those medical and instrument categories; and DEHP, BBP and DBP do not apply to toys already restricted for those substances by entry 51 of REACH Annex XVII.

The homogeneous material rule

Article 4(2) tolerates "no more than the maximum concentration value by weight in homogeneous materials", and Article 3(20) defines a homogeneous material as "one material of uniform composition throughout or a material, consisting of a combination of materials, that cannot be disjointed or separated into different materials by mechanical actions such as unscrewing, cutting, crushing, grinding and abrasive processes".

In practice the solder alloy of a joint, the plating on a lead frame, the mould compound of a package, the insulation and the jacket of a cable, or the zinc coating and the passivation on a screw are each assessed separately. Averaging a concentration over a component, a board or a finished product is not what the text measures, and a whole-product analysis can dilute a local excess below the threshold. That is why RoHS evidence is built bottom-up from supplier data per material and targeted tests on the materials most likely to contain a restricted substance.

How exemptions work (Article 5)

Article 4(6) disapplies the restriction for the applications listed in Annex III (all categories, unless an entry says otherwise) and Annex IV (specific to categories 8 and 9). The procedural rules are in Article 5 and Annex V.

Rule	What the text says	Where
Grounds	Substitution scientifically or technically impracticable, reliability of substitutes not ensured, or substitution impacts likely to outweigh benefits; and no weakening of REACH protection	Article 5(1)(a)
Maximum validity, new or renewed exemptions	Up to 5 years for categories 1 to 7, 10 and 11; up to 7 years for categories 8 and 9; renewable	Article 5(2), first subparagraph
Annex III entries existing on 21 July 2011	5 years from 21 July 2011 (categories 1 to 7, 10); 7 years from the Article 4(3) dates (categories 8, 9); 5 years from 22 July 2019 (category 11)	Article 5(2), second subparagraph
Who can apply	A manufacturer, its authorised representative or any economic operator in the supply chain	Annex V
Renewal deadline	At least 18 months before expiry; the exemption remains valid until the Commission decides	Article 5(5)
Rejection or revocation	The exemption expires at the earliest 12 months and at the latest 18 months after the decision	Article 5(6)
Cables and spare parts	Products placed on the market under an exemption may still be repaired with parts that rely on it	Article 4(4)(f)

Article 5(5) explains a reading trap. Many Annex III entries still print expiry dates of 21 July 2021, 21 July 2023 or 21 July 2024. Where renewal applications were filed in time, those exemptions stayed valid until the Commission decided. The recitals of Delegated Directives 2025/1802, 2025/2363 and 2025/2364 say so explicitly for entries 7(a), 7(c)-I, 7(c)-II and 6(a) to 6(c). A past date in the annex is therefore a prompt to check whether a renewal is pending, not proof that the exemption has lapsed, and the reverse is also true: once the Commission decides, the new dates bind.

The 2025 rewrite of the lead exemptions

Three delegated directives signed on 8 September 2025 and published in the Official Journal on 21 November 2025 entered into force on 11 December 2025. Member States had to transpose them by 30 June 2026 and apply them from 1 July 2026. They replace broad entries with application-specific sub-entries.

Entry	Content after 2025	Expiry
7(a)	Lead in high melting temperature type solders (lead-based alloys with 85% by weight or more lead), general entry	30 June 2027
7(a)-I to 7(a)-VII	Same solders, limited to: die attach in semiconductor assemblies above set current, voltage or die-size thresholds (I); die attach with conductivity and solidus conditions (II); first level solder joints (III); ceramic BGA balls and high-temperature overmouldings (IV); hermetic sealing (V); lamp component connections (VI); audio transducers above 200 °C (VII)	31 December 2027
7(c)-I	Lead in glass or ceramic other than dielectric ceramic in capacitors	30 June 2027
7(c)-II	Lead in dielectric ceramic in capacitors rated 125 V AC or 250 V DC or higher	31 December 2027
7(c)-V (new)	Lead in glass for diode glass beads and wafer layers, hermetic seals, low-temperature bonding, resistive inks, microchannel plates and similar	31 December 2027
7(c)-VI (new)	Lead in PZT piezoelectric ceramics and PTC ceramics	31 December 2027
6(a)	Lead in machining steel and galvanised steel up to 0.35%	11 December 2026
6(a)-I, 6(a)-II	Machining steel up to 0.35% lead; batch hot-dip galvanised steel up to 0.2% lead	30 June 2027, all categories
6(b)	Lead in aluminium up to 0.4%	11 June 2027
6(b)-I	Aluminium up to 0.4% lead from recycled lead-bearing scrap	11 December 2026 (categories 1 to 7, 10); 30 June 2027 (industrial instruments, category 11)
6(b)-II	Machining aluminium up to 0.4% lead	11 June 2027 (categories 1 to 7, 10); 30 June 2027 (industrial instruments, category 11)
6(b)-III (new)	Aluminium casting alloys up to 0.3% lead from recycled scrap	30 June 2027 (categories 1 to 8, 9 other than industrial, 10)
6(c)	Copper alloy up to 4% lead	30 June 2027

Entries 6(a)-I to 6(c) now carry a footnote: they do not cover EEE supplied to the general public whose accessible parts smaller than 5 cm in one dimension may be placed in the mouth by children, unless lead release stays at or below 0.05 µg/cm² per hour (and, for coated parts, for at least two years of use).

The pattern is the same across all three acts: the general entry gets a short phase-out date, and only applications that fit a named sub-entry continue to 31 December 2027 or 30 June 2027. A BOM line that relied on "7(a)" or "6(c)" in general must now be mapped to a sub-entry, or redesigned.

Other exemption dates to watch, 2026 to 2028

From the consolidated text of 1 July 2026 (dates as printed; a renewal filed in time keeps an entry valid beyond its date).

Annex and entry	Application	Printed expiry
III, 45	Lead compounds in electric and electronic initiators of explosives for civil use, and barium chromate in pyrotechnic delay charges (category 11)	20 April 2026
IV, 42	Mercury in rotating connectors of intravascular ultrasound imaging systems above 50 MHz	30 June 2026
III, 9(a)-III	Up to 0.7% Cr VI as anti-corrosion agent in gas absorption heat pumps (category 1), granted by 2023/171	31 December 2026
III, 1(f)-I, 2(b)(4)-II, 2(b)(4)-III, 4(a)-I, 4(e), 4(f)-II to 4(f)-IV	Mercury in UV lamps, emergency lamps, metal halide lamps, projector and horticulture lamps	24 February 2027
IV, 44	Cadmium in radiation tolerant video camera tubes (category 9)	31 March 2027
III, 39(b)	Cadmium in quantum dots deposited on LED chips, granted by 2024/1416	31 December 2027
III, 46	Cadmium and lead in recovered rigid PVC profiles of electrical windows and doors (category 11), granted by 2024/232	28 May 2028
IV, 45 and 47	DEHP in ion-selective electrodes; four phthalates in spare parts recovered for medical device repair	21 July 2028

Entry 39(a), cadmium selenide quantum dots for display lighting, expired for all categories on 21 November 2025.

What is changing: ECHA from 13 August 2027, and no general recast

Item	Status on 7 October 2026	Source
General review under Article 24(2)	Report COM(2023) 760 of 7 December 2023: no general revision "at this stage", a targeted amendment instead; a future revision should review scope (photovoltaic panels named), drop obsolete transitional provisions and clean expired exemptions from the annexes	COM(2023) 760
Directive (EU) 2025/2456	Adopted 26 November 2025, in force 1 January 2026, applies from 13 August 2027. Exemption applications go to ECHA, whose Committee for Socio-economic Analysis (and Committee for Risk Assessment for new exemptions) gives opinions; ECHA prepares restriction dossiers; Annex II must be reviewed at least every 4 years	Directive (EU) 2025/2456
Adding TBBP-A and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins to Annex II	Initiative Ares(2022)3631399, recommended by a technical assessment, marked abandoned on 10 December 2024	Have your say 13469
Lead and cadmium exemptions (fluorescent tube glass, laser tubes and others)	Draft delegated directive Ares(2026)6840617 published 8 July 2026, feedback closed 5 August 2026, adoption pending	Have your say 14509

Technical documentation and EN IEC 63000

Article 7 makes the manufacturer draw up the technical documentation, run module A internal production control, issue the EU declaration of conformity, affix the CE marking and keep the documentation and the declaration for 10 years after placing on the market. Importers keep a copy of the declaration for 10 years and must be able to supply the documentation on request (Article 9(g)). The declaration follows the model in Annex VI: it states conformity with Directive 2011/65/EU and lists, where applicable, the harmonised standards or technical specifications used. Where other Union legislation requires a procedure at least as stringent, RoHS compliance can be demonstrated within it and a single technical documentation can be drawn up (Article 7(c)).

Article 16(2) gives presumption of conformity to assessments made under harmonised standards cited in the Official Journal. Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/659 cited EN IEC 63000:2018 ("Technical documentation for the assessment of electrical and electronic products with respect to the restriction of hazardous substances") and withdrew EN 50581:2012 from 18 November 2021. EN IEC 63000:2018 is the European adoption of IEC 63000:2016; the IEC has since published amendment 1 (consolidated as IEC 63000:2016+AMD1:2022). The approach is risk-based: the manufacturer assesses how likely restricted substances are in each material, part or sub-assembly and how trustworthy each supplier is, collects supplier declarations, material declarations or analytical results accordingly, and reviews them.

Test methods: the IEC 62321 series

EN IEC 63000 covers the file; laboratory determinations use the IEC 62321 series, and the part depends on the substance and on the matrix. X-ray fluorescence screening measures elements, so it cannot by itself separate Cr VI from Cr III or identify phthalates.

• IEC 62321-7-1:2015: boiling-water extraction giving a qualitative result (positive, negative or inconclusive) for Cr(VI) in colourless and coloured corrosion-protection coatings on metals. A plated screw comes back as a presence result, not as a concentration.
• IEC 62321-7-2:2017: quantitative determination of Cr(VI) in polymers and electronics, by solvent swelling and alkaline digestion followed by colorimetry.
• IEC 62321-8:2017: phthalates (DIBP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and others) in polymers by GC-MS and by GC-MS with a pyrolyser or thermal-desorption accessory (Py-TD-GC-MS).

Ordering "62321-7" without saying which part sends the wrong method to the wrong parts. See the CE technical file guide for how the RoHS evidence sits in the overall CE file. AESTECHNO does not perform chemical laboratory analysis; that work goes to an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratory.

Market surveillance

Article 16(1) presumes EEE bearing the CE marking to comply unless there is evidence to the contrary. Directive 2011/65/EU is one of the acts listed in Article 4(5) of Regulation (EU) 2019/1020: a product covered by it can only be placed on the EU market if an economic operator established in the Union (manufacturer, importer, authorised representative or fulfilment service provider) is responsible for the tasks in that article and is named on the product, its packaging, the parcel or an accompanying document. Penalties for improper use of the CE marking are set by Member States, and may include criminal sanctions for serious infringements (Article 15(3)).

For the RoHS calendar against other regimes (REACH, batteries, CRA, ESPR), see the certification timeline guide. The wider chemicals regime is in the REACH and SVHC guide.

RoHS-type regimes outside the EU

These regimes copy the idea, not the text. A CE/RoHS file is a starting point, never a substitute.

Jurisdiction	Text	Substances	What differs
China	Management methods for restricting hazardous substances in electrical and electronic products, Order No. 32 of MIIT and seven other authorities, in force 1 July 2016	Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr VI, PBB, PBDE and others the State specifies	Every producer and importer marks substance names, content and location and an environment-friendly use period (Articles 13 and 14); limits are enforced, with a conformity assessment system, only for products in a published compliance catalogue (Articles 17 and 18)
India	E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, rule 16	Pb, Hg, Cr VI, PBB, PBDE at 0.1%, Cd at 0.01%, per homogeneous material	Applies to EEE listed in Schedule I; no phthalates; dated carve-outs for parts and for Schedule II C equipment
United Kingdom	The RoHS Regulations 2012 (SI 2012/3032)	Set by the UK regulations	Separate UK legislation; see UKCA marking for the marking regime

For other jurisdictions, check the national text before reusing an EU file; CE vs FCC for EMC explains the broader regional split. The glossary covers the key terms.

Claims the texts contradict

Common claim (including on earlier versions of this page)	What the text says
"Lead in high-temperature solders" means solders melting above some fraction of the reflow window	Entry 7(a) is defined by composition: lead-based alloys containing 85% by weight or more lead. Since 2025 most uses must fit sub-entries 7(a)-I to VII (Delegated Directive 2025/1802)
An exemption whose printed date has passed is dead	Article 5(5): a renewal filed at least 18 months before expiry keeps it valid until the Commission decides; the 2025 acts cite exactly this for 7(a), 7(c) and 6(a) to 6(c)
Exemption renewals are filed by industry consortia or associations	Annex V: a manufacturer, an authorised representative or any economic operator in the supply chain may apply. From 13 August 2027 the application goes to ECHA, not the Commission
The phthalates apply from 2019 to categories 1 to 7 and 10 only	2015/863 applied from 22 July 2019 to all EEE, category 11 included; only medical devices and monitoring and control instruments were deferred to 22 July 2021
Directive 2017/2102 is a Commission delegated directive	It is a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council, transposition by 12 June 2019. It deleted Article 2(2), excluded pipe organs, redefined non-road mobile machinery and allowed reused spare parts in closed-loop business-to-business systems (Article 4(5))
RoHS 2 lets any spare part for pre-2011 equipment escape RoHS if it is "equivalent"	Article 4(4) exempts cables and spare parts by cut-off date per category (1 July 2006 for the original scope, 22 July 2014, 2016, 2017 or 2019 for the rest), and Article 4(5) covers reused parts only in auditable closed-loop B2B systems with notice to the consumer
Vehicles are excluded as "categories M, N, L"	Article 2(4)(f) excludes means of transport for persons or goods, except electric two-wheel vehicles that are not type-approved
Cadmium is exempt in circuit-breaker contacts	Entry 8(b)-I (circuit breakers, thermal controls, certain switches) applied to categories 1 to 7 and 10 and expired on 21 July 2021; 8(b) for categories 8, 9 and 11 carries 2021 to 2024 dates subject to Article 5(5)
The harmonised standard is "IEC 63000:2018"	The cited standard is EN IEC 63000:2018, which adopts IEC 63000:2016 (Implementing Decision 2020/659)
India restricts the six RoHS substances plus the four phthalates	Rule 16 of the E-Waste (Management) Rules 2022 lists six substances (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr VI, PBB, PBDE)
A RoHS revision adding new substances is under way	COM(2023) 760 ruled out a general revision for now, and the TBBP-A and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins initiative is marked abandoned (10 December 2024). The live change is the transfer of tasks to ECHA from 13 August 2027

Watch-out points

Risk	Consequence	Action
Limits applied per component or per product	Local exceedances hidden by dilution	Collect data and test per homogeneous material
BOM still cites 7(a), 7(c)-I or 6(c) in general	The general entries expire on 30 June 2027 (6(a): 11 December 2026)	Map each use to a 2025 sub-entry or plan substitution
Category 11 product treated as out of scope	All ten substances apply since 22 July 2019	Check the Article 2(4) exclusions one by one before relying on them
Cr VI and Cr III confused on coatings	Wrong acceptance or rejection of passivations	Use IEC 62321-7-1 for coatings on metal, 7-2 for polymers and electronics
Exemption register not maintained	A refused renewal ends the exemption 12 to 18 months after the decision	Track pending renewals and the ECHA procedure from August 2027
EU file reused unchanged in China or India	Different scope, marking and substance lists	Map the file to each national text

See also

• Environmental compliance: what it asks of a product
• CPSIA and ASTM F963: toy safety in the United States
• REACH 1907/2006: chemical substances and SVHC
• WEEE 2012/19/EU: European e-waste management framework
• DEEE in France: French version of EU WEEE
• EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542: passport, carbon
• EU declaration of conformity
• Technical documentation file contents

Working on RoHS scoping for an electronic product subject to CE marking for a real product? AESTECHNO can audit your design and certification plan. Get in touch

Sources & references

1. Directive 2011/65/EU (RoHS), consolidated text of 1 July 2026, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02011L0065-20260701
2. Directive 2011/65/EU, original Official Journal text, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/65/oj
3. Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2015/863 (four phthalates added to Annex II), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2015/863/oj
4. Directive (EU) 2017/2102 amending Directive 2011/65/EU (scope, spare parts, category 11), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2017/2102/oj
5. Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2025/1802 (lead in high melting temperature solders, entry 7(a)), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2025/1802/oj
6. Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2025/2363 (lead in glass or ceramic components, entries 7(c)), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2025/2363/oj
7. Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2025/2364 (lead in steel, aluminium and copper, entries 6(a) to 6(c)), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2025/2364/oj
8. Commission Delegated Directive (EU) 2024/1416 (cadmium in quantum dots on LED chips, entry 39(b)), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir_del/2024/1416/oj
9. Directive (EU) 2025/2456 (transfer of RoHS scientific and technical tasks to ECHA), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2025/2456/oj
10. Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2020/659 (EN IEC 63000:2018 cited, EN 50581:2012 withdrawn), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_impl/2020/659/oj
11. COM(2023) 760, Commission report on the review of the RoHS Directive, EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52023DC0760
12. Have your say: lead and cadmium in certain electric and electronic components (RoHS exemption), draft act Ares(2026)6840617, European Commission ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/14509_en
13. Have your say: amending the list of restricted substances (TBBP-A, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins), initiative abandoned, European Commission ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/13469_en
14. European Commission, RoHS Directive page, European Commission environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/waste-and-recycling/rohs-directive_en
15. IEC 63000:2016+AMD1:2022 CSV, technical documentation for RoHS assessment, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/73587
16. IEC 62321-7-1:2015, Cr(VI) in corrosion-protection coatings on metals (qualitative), IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/23320
17. IEC 62321-7-2:2017, Cr(VI) in polymers and electronics (quantitative), IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/28107
18. IEC 62321-8:2017, phthalates in polymers by GC-MS and Py-TD-GC-MS, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/32719
19. Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 on market surveillance (Article 4 covers RoHS products), EUR-Lex eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/1020/oj
20. China, MIIT and seven ministries Order No. 32 (2016), management methods for restricting hazardous substances in EEP, State Council of the People's Republic of China www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5065677.htm
21. India, CPCB FAQs under the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 (rule 16 RoHS provisions), Central Pollution Control Board cpcb.nic.in/uploads/Projects/E-Waste/FAQ_ewaste_23012024.pdf
22. UK, The RoHS Regulations 2012 (SI 2012/3032), legislation.gov.uk www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/3032/contents