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200 guides in 11 topics

Guide Topic Read Updated
CE vs FCC: EMC comparison for electronics Process 16 min
IoT product in EU and US: dual certification Process 15 min
RED Directive 2014/53/EU, the project checklist Process 17 min
Self-declaration vs Notified Body: when is an NB needed? Process 14 min
Certification timeline: the durations set by the texts Process 8 min
Certification costs: the official fee schedules Process 16 min
EU Declaration of Conformity (DoC): template and content Process 18 min
IEC 61508: generic functional safety and SIL levels Process 10 min
Choosing a Notified Body: NANDO and scope verification Process 18 min
Conformity assessment modules A to H (768/2008/EC) Process 18 min
EU Authorised Representative, Importer and Article 4 Process 16 min
EU market surveillance and Safety Gate (formerly RAPEX) Process 7 min
FCC permissive changes: Class I, II, III and RED delta Process 16 min
Component substitution: when does a swap need retest? Process 19 min
NB surveillance audits: cadence and conduct Process 13 min
CE marking: dimensions, proportions and visual rules Process 16 min
E-label vs physical label: rules by jurisdiction Process 15 min
Multi-marking layouts: CE, FCC, UKCA, ANATEL and other marks Process 21 min
QMS: ISO 9001, AS 9100, ISO 13485, TL 9000 compared Process 14 min
Certification test plan: template and checklist Process 19 min
Risk management: ISO 14971, IEC 31010, FMEA, FTA, HAZOP Process 17 min
Measurement uncertainty: GUM, CISPR 16-4-2, decision rules Process 15 min
EU product recall procedure: Safety Gate (RAPEX) response Process 19 min
Getting started with certification: where to begin Process 14 min
Which EU directives apply to my product? Process 18 min
Accessibility: European Accessibility Act, EN 301 549 Process 14 min
Harmonised standards: how presumption of conformity works Process 14 min
Conformity assessment bodies and accreditation Process 11 min
Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EU: a guide Process 20 min
FCC ID, Grantee Code & TCB: equipment authorization Process 16 min
Technical documentation file: required contents Process 18 min
UKCA vs CE marking in 2026: what actually differs Process 13 min
ISED vs FCC: which radio authorisation? Process 16 min
User instructions, safety information & languages Process 13 min
Substantial modification: when to re-certify in the EU Process 21 min
Worked example: an IoT sensor through RED and FCC Process 16 min
Copy-paste certification templates: DoC, file, tests Process 9 min
What is EMC? Emissions, immunity and coupling EMC & RF 6 min
Decibels for EMC: dB(uV), dBm and antenna factor EMC & RF 5 min
EMC coupling: capacitive, inductive, radiated EMC & RF 6 min
Return current paths: where current actually goes EMC & RF 5 min
SAR testing: IEC/IEEE 62209-1528, EN 50360, EN 50566 EMC & RF 17 min
Shielding theory: reflection, absorption, apertures EMC & RF 5 min
Grounding for EMC: ground is not a potential EMC & RF 5 min
Time and frequency domain: why edges set emissions EMC & RF 5 min
Common-mode filtering: chokes, ferrites, Y-caps EMC & RF 5 min
Decoupling: ESL, self-resonance, anti-resonance EMC & RF 4 min
Transient protection: TVS, MOV, GDT and layout EMC & RF 4 min
ESD per IEC 61000-4-2: method and test levels EMC & RF 15 min
Surge and burst tests: IEC 61000-4-5 and 61000-4-4 EMC & RF 15 min
Voltage dips and interruptions (IEC 61000-4-11) EMC & RF 12 min
Radiated emissions EMC test: CISPR 32 and FCC 15.109 EMC & RF 18 min
Conducted emissions: LISN method, CISPR and FCC limits EMC & RF 17 min
HAC: Hearing Aid Compatibility (FCC 20.19, C63.19) EMC & RF 16 min
3GPP RF Conformance: TS 36.521, 38.521 and 38.533 EMC & RF 12 min
Radio spurious emissions and receiver blocking tests EMC & RF 16 min
IEC 61000-4-3: radiated RF field immunity EMC & RF 14 min
IEC 61000-4-6: conducted RF immunity test method EMC & RF 17 min
IEC 61000-3-2 and 3-3: harmonic classes and flicker limits EMC & RF 15 min
IEC 61000-4-8 magnetic field immunity: 1 to 100 A/m EMC & RF 15 min
Pre-compliance EMC: TEM cell, near-field probes, LISN EMC & RF 18 min
PCB design for EMC: return paths, decoupling, stackup EMC & RF 30 min
Antenna design and impedance matching for IoT EMC & RF 15 min
EMC chamber types: SAC, FAR, OATS, GTEM, reverberation EMC & RF 16 min
HEMP and IEMI: IEC 61000-4-25 and hardened electronics EMC & RF 16 min
EMC Directive 2014/30/EU: scope, standards, modules EMC & RF 21 min
Radio spectrum: SRD and license-free bands EMC & RF 17 min
Radio type approval worldwide: how it works Regional 4 min
UKCA marking in 2026: CE recognition, Fast-Track, UKNI Regional 14 min
ISED Canada radio certification: RSS-Gen 6, REL, labels Regional 18 min
ACMA and RCM: Australia and New Zealand compliance Regional 10 min
KC mark: South Korea radio, EMC and safety approval Regional 13 min
TELEC / GITEKI: radio certification in Japan Regional 19 min
NCC Taiwan: radio approval, LP0002 and the BSMI mark Regional 21 min
ANATEL Brazil: certification and Homologation Number Regional 23 min
SRRC and CMIIT ID: China radio type approval in 2026 Regional 10 min
CCC (3C) mark: product certification for mainland China Regional 16 min
NOM and IFT/CRT homologation: certification in Mexico Regional 14 min
CST (ex-CITC) and SASO: certification in Saudi Arabia Regional 16 min
TDRA (UAE) and SDPPI (Indonesia): radio approval Regional 14 min
ICASA South Africa: type approval and NRCS LoA Regional 16 min
EAC mark: conformity for the Eurasian Economic Union Regional 16 min
India: BIS (CRS), TEC (MTCTE) and WPC (ETA) certifications Regional 16 min
Singapore IMDA: ESER, SER, GER registration and TS rules Regional 15 min
Thailand NBTC: SDoC, Class A and Class B approval Regional 11 min
Vietnam MIC/MOST: radio, telecom and ICT certification Regional 12 min
Malaysia SIRIM, ST and MCMC: product and radio approval Regional 15 min
Philippines NTC: type acceptance, SRD and Wi-Fi rules Regional 14 min
GCC: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the G-Mark (GSO) Regional 16 min
Switzerland: product certification and the EU-CH MRA Regional 16 min
LATAM: Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru homologation Regional 15 min
Africa: Egypt (NTRA), Nigeria (NCC), Kenya (CA) Regional 15 min
New Zealand and Pakistan radio certification Regional 15 min
CB Scheme (IECEE): global safety via one report Regional 12 min
NRTL / UL listing: when a US safety mark is required Regional 15 min
SRRC vs FCC: China and US radio approval Regional 12 min
Wireless certification: the law vs the logo Wireless 5 min
Bluetooth SIG qualification: process, fees and DN Wireless 14 min
Matter certification (CSA): process, DAC and DCL Wireless 12 min
Wi-Fi Alliance certification: paths, fees, Wi-Fi 7 Wireless 15 min
Thread Group certification: tiers, fees, Thread 1.4 Wireless 13 min
Zigbee CSA certification: 3.0, 4.0, Suzi and retest rules Wireless 12 min
NFC Forum certification: CR15, device classes, fees Wireless 15 min
LoRaWAN certification: fees, test labs, TS001 and RP002 Wireless 10 min
Wi-SUN certification: FAN, HAN, JUTA, fees and labs Wireless 14 min
DECT Forum certification: classic DECT, ULE, CAT-iq, NR+ Wireless 10 min
USB-IF: USB-C, USB4 and USB Power Delivery certification Wireless 16 min
HDMI Forum and HDMI LA: adopter licence, testing, cables Wireless 16 min
DLNA and OCF certification: status in 2026 Wireless 12 min
MFi (Made for iPhone), Apple accessory certification Wireless 13 min
Amazon Alexa and Google Cast device certification Wireless 13 min
Qi and Qi2 certification: WPC, FCC and RED rules Wireless 16 min
UWB and FiRa Consortium certification Wireless 17 min
Niche wireless: ANT+, KNX RF, DECT ULE, 6LoWPAN Wireless 12 min
Environmental compliance: what it asks of a product Environment 3 min
EU Battery Regulation 2023/1542: dates, passport, carbon Environment 23 min
RoHS 2011/65/EU: 10 substances, exemptions, 2026 dates Environment 17 min
REACH 1907/2006: chemical substances and SVHC Environment 12 min
WEEE 2012/19/EU: scope, marking, EPR and 2026 review Environment 21 min
ErP / Ecodesign 2009/125/EC: product energy efficiency Environment 13 min
ESPR (EU) 2024/1781: Sustainable Products Regulation Environment 19 min
Energy Star: the US voluntary energy-efficiency program Environment 14 min
DEEE in France: WEEE under French law, IDU and AGEC Environment 18 min
IEC 62133 and UN 38.3: Li-ion battery safety and transport Environment 9 min
Conflict minerals: Dodd-Frank, EU 2017/821, CMRT and EMRT Environment 23 min
EU Ecolabel, PEF and LCA for electronic products Environment 16 min
Lithium battery shipping in 2026: IATA, IMDG, ADR, DOT Environment 16 min
TSCA: US Toxic Substances Control Act Environment 13 min
PPWR: the EU Packaging Regulation (EU) 2025/40 Environment 18 min
California Prop 65 warnings for electronics Environment 21 min
Digital Product Passport (DPP): ESPR rules and registry Environment 15 min
Product cybersecurity: obligation, evaluation, label Cybersecurity 4 min
Cyber Resilience Act (CRA): EU baseline for digital Cybersecurity 17 min
ETSI EN 303 645: cybersecurity for consumer IoT Cybersecurity 18 min
Common Criteria (ISO/IEC 15408): EAL, CCRA, EUCC Cybersecurity 17 min
FIPS 140-3: cryptographic module validation Cybersecurity 16 min
CSPN and ANSSI Visa: French security certification Cybersecurity 15 min
PSA Certified: levels, SESIP profiles and the CRA Cybersecurity 14 min
SESIP and EN 17927: IoT platform security evaluation Cybersecurity 13 min
NIST SP 800-213 and IR 8259A: US IoT security baseline Cybersecurity 16 min
NIST IR 8425 and the US Cyber Trust Mark in 2026 Cybersecurity 18 min
CMMC and UK Cyber Essentials: defense cyber baselines Cybersecurity 20 min
IEC 62443 (ISA-99), industrial control cybersecurity Cybersecurity 16 min
TCG TPM 2.0 Library Specification and compliance guide Cybersecurity 16 min
EU AI Act: product compliance for manufacturers Cybersecurity 21 min
EN 71 and CE marking: EU Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC Safety 16 min
ASTM F963 and CPSIA: CPSC toy safety rules (16 CFR 1250) Safety 18 min
EN 50332 and 62368-1: headphone sound limits explained Safety 9 min
IEC 62368-1: safety of AV, IT and communications gear Safety 16 min
IEC 61010: safety of laboratory and measurement equipment Safety 15 min
EN 60335: Household Appliance Safety, Parts 1 and 2-xx Safety 19 min
EN 60598 Luminaire Safety: Part 1, Parts 2-xx, IP, IK Safety 16 min
EN 62471 and EN 60825: photobiological and laser safety Safety 13 min
CPR and EN 50575: cable Euroclasses, AVCP, CPR 2.0 Safety 13 min
ISO 13849 and IEC 62061: machinery safety Safety 15 min
GPSR (Regulation 2023/988): requirements and key dates Safety 19 min
IP and IK ratings: ingress protection explained Safety 15 min
IEC 60068: environmental and mechanical testing Safety 18 min
ISO 26262: automotive functional safety, 12 parts Transport 16 min
IATF 16949: automotive quality management Transport 15 min
AEC-Q100, Q101, Q200: grades, tests and sample sizes Transport 11 min
DO-178C and DO-254: avionics software and hardware Transport 13 min
EN 50716, EN 50128, EN 50657: railway software Transport 15 min
IEC 60945 maritime testing: categories, EMC, wheel mark Transport 8 min
Drone classes C0 to C6: which EASA label for which drone Transport 14 min
EV charging: IEC 61851, ISO 15118 and OCPP conformity Transport 10 min
MIL-STD-461H and MIL-STD-464D: defense EMC explained Transport 16 min
DO-326A / ED-202B and CS 25.1319: avionics cybersecurity Transport 12 min
MIL-STD-1275F: 28 VDC military vehicle power Transport 12 min
ISO/SAE 21434, UN R155 and R156: automotive cyber Transport 12 min
UN R10 (ECE R10): automotive EMC and the E-mark Transport 18 min
ATEX and IECEx: equipment for explosive atmospheres Sectors 16 min
Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC vs Regulation 2023/1230 Sectors 22 min
PED 2014/68/EU: thresholds, categories I-IV, modules Sectors 11 min
MID 2014/32/EU: Measuring Instruments (MI-001 to 010) Sectors 16 min
PV modules: IEC 61730 safety and IEC 61215 qualification Sectors 14 min
KNX, DALI-2 and EnOcean certification Sectors 14 min
ISO 10218:2025 robot safety and what absorbed ISO/TS 15066 Sectors 16 min
EMVCo and PCI PTS: payment device certification Sectors 12 min
Certifying a smart lock: RED, CRA, CPR and lock standards Sectors 14 min
Certifying a Bluetooth LE wearable: RED, FCC, SAR, CRA Sectors 17 min
What certifications does a LoRaWAN sensor need? Sectors 15 min
What certifications does an EV charger need? Sectors 7 min
Verizon Open Development: certification after PTCRB/GCF Operators 17 min
AT&T Network Ready: cellular IoT certification after INC Operators 12 min
T-Mobile US: cellular IoT device certification and DICE Operators 13 min
Vodafone IoT connectivity certification and eSIM Operators 12 min
Deutsche Telekom IoT: module certification and nuSIM Operators 13 min
Orange Connected Validation: IoT device labels Operators 12 min
China Mobile, Telecom, Unicom: cellular IoT acceptance Operators 15 min
Japan operator certification: DoCoMo, KDDI, SoftBank bands Operators 15 min
Telstra, Optus, TPG: cellular IoT acceptance in Australia Operators 11 min
GCF certification: criteria, members, labs, field trials Operators 13 min
PTCRB vs GCF: which cellular certification do you need? Operators 10 min
EU Medical Device Regulation 2017/745: Article 2, Rule 11 Medical 16 min
FDA 510(k), De Novo and PMA: US medical devices Medical 18 min
IVDR 2017/746: classes A to D and the 2027-2029 deadlines Medical 11 min
IEC 60601-1: edition 3.2, MDR citation, FDA recognition Medical 16 min
MDR class IIb and III: routes, CECP, PSUR, EUDAMED Medical 20 min
Certifying a medical wearable: where to start Medical 13 min

The complete spilma guide directory, organised by topic. Each guide complements the certification pillars (CE, FCC, RED, PTCRB) with normative detail, required tests, common pitfalls and official references.

Where to start

Section titled “Where to start”

New to the subject? Six guides explain a whole area before its detail, and each one assumes nothing:

If you are scoping a market launch, start with the Process & methodology guides, they cover the decision moments, self-declaration or notified body, timeline and costs. For normative technical detail, see the pillars:

For interactive orientation, see the tools: five of them, including EMC calculators.