EMC chamber types: SAC, FAR, OATS, GTEM, reverberation

Hugues Orgitello updated 7 Oct 2026 16 min read

An EMC report is only as good as the site it was measured on. Which kind of site is acceptable, and how it is proven, is written in a small set of texts: CISPR 16-1-4 for emission sites (edition 5.0, published on October 3, 2025), CISPR 16-2-3 for how the measurement is made on them, IEC 61000-4-3 for the uniform field of an immunity test, IEC 61000-4-20 for TEM waveguides such as the GTEM cell, IEC 61000-4-21 for reverberation chambers, and, for the FCC, 47 CFR 2.948 with ANSI C63.4 and C63.25.1. This page goes back to those texts: what each site type is, which validation applies in which band, what a report has to show, and the common claims the texts contradict, including several this page used to make.

The texts and their current editions

Text	Current edition (October 2026)	What it covers for test sites
CISPR 16-1-4	Edition 5.0, October 3, 2025 (stability date 2026)	Antennas and test sites, 9 kHz to 18 GHz; site validation by band. Replaces the 2019 edition with AMD1:2020 and AMD2:2023
CISPR 16-2-3	Edition 4.2 (2016 + AMD1:2019 + AMD2:2023)	Measurement methods on each site type (7.3 OATS or SAC, 7.4 FAR, 7.6 above 1 GHz)
CISPR 32	2015 (edition 2.0)	Limits; separate FAR rows; Annex I (informative) for GTEM and reverberation chamber methods
IEC IEC 61000-4-3	Edition 4.0, 2020	Radiated immunity: the uniform field area
IEC 61000-4-20	Edition 3.0, February 18, 2022	Emission and immunity in TEM waveguides (TEM cells, GTEM, strip lines)
IEC 61000-4-21	Edition 2.0, January 27, 2011 (stability date 2027)	Immunity, emissions and screening effectiveness in reverberation chambers
47 CFR 2.948	Current eCFR text	FCC: site validation per band, revalidation within three years
ANSI C63.4-2014 and C63.4a-2017	Incorporated in 2.948(d)	FCC site validation 30 MHz to 1 GHz (C63.4-2014 clause 5.4.4)
ANSI C63.25.1-2018	Incorporated by FCC 23-14 (March 2023)	FCC site validation 1 to 18 GHz

Edition 5.0 of CISPR 16-1-4 lists three technical changes: the definition and general introduction of the common mode absorption device (CMAD) were revised (3.1.7 and 8.1.1), the VHF-LISN was added as a new cable termination device (8.2), and definitions were added for VHF-LISN, reference ground, reference ground plane and the TN-C-S power system. The site validation methods themselves were not listed among the changes. The clause numbers quoted below are those of the 2019 text (edition 4.2), whose table of contents is public. Neither the EMC Directive nor the RED names a site type: the requirement reaches the chamber through the harmonised standards they cite, which call up the CISPR and IEC 61000-4 methods.

What each site type is

Site	What the text says	Ground plane	Typical use in the texts
OATS (open-area test site)	Specified in CISPR 16-1-4 6.2: weather-protection enclosure, obstruction-free area, RF ambient environment, ground plane; construction details in Annex D	Yes, metallic	Reference geometry for 30 MHz to 1 GHz; the "ideal OATS" (perfectly conducting, infinite ground plane) is the theoretical construct behind NSA
SAC (semi-anechoic chamber)	Treated as an "other ground-plane test site" (6.3.1), validated like a weather-protected OATS (6.8)	Yes	Emission tests 30 MHz to 1 GHz with antenna height scan; above 1 GHz with absorber on the ground plane
FAR (fully anechoic room)	Definition 3.1.11: "an enclosure, the six internal surfaces of which are lined with radio-frequency-energy absorbing material"; should be built inside a shielded enclosure	No	Test site without ground plane (6.3.2), validated under 6.10 below 1 GHz; 1 to 18 GHz
TEM waveguide (TEM cell, GTEM, stripline)	IEC 61000-4-20: open and closed structures, one-port, two-port or multi-port	Not applicable	Emissions (Annex A), immunity (Annex B), HEMP (Annex C) where the product standard allows it
Reverberation chamber	IEC 61000-4-21 definition 3.1.6: a room "especially designed to make the field therein as diffuse as possible", generally with mechanical tuners or stirrers	Not applicable	Immunity, emissions (total radiated power), screening effectiveness

The OATS is the reference model, not a common workplace. Its drawbacks are practical: the RF ambient of an outdoor site, which CISPR 16-1-4 treats in its own clause (6.2.4), and the weather, which is why the standard also covers OATS with a weather-protection enclosure. Most compliance tests are made in a SAC or a FAR built inside a shielded room.

Site validation, band by band

CISPR 16-1-4 does not validate a site once for all frequencies. Each band has its own method and its own criterion.

Band	Site types	Method (CISPR 16-1-4, 2019 numbering)	Acceptance criterion
9 kHz to 30 MHz	Test sites for 9 kHz to 30 MHz (clause 5)	Normalized site insertion loss (NSIL, 5.5.2) or reference site method (5.5.3), added by the amendments to the 2019 edition; NSIL tables in Annex J	5.5.4 and Table 10
30 MHz to 1 GHz	OATS, weather-protected OATS, SAC	NSA (6.5, 6.7, 6.8) or reference site method (RSM, 6.6)	±4 dB (basis in Annex F, error budget in Table F.1)
30 MHz to 1 GHz	FAR	RSM for FAR sites (6.10.2) or NSA for FAR sites against a theoretical free-space NSA (6.10.3)	6.10.4
1 GHz to 18 GHz	FAR, or OATS or SAC with absorber on the ground plane	SVSWR: standard test procedure (7.6) or reciprocal procedure with an isotropic field probe (7.7)	7.3.2: SVSWR ≤ 6 dB (≤ 2:1)

Table 1 of the standard sums up which validation methods apply to OATS, OATS-based, SAC and FAR site types. A few points that reports and quotes often get wrong:

• NSA is not the only method below 1 GHz. The reference site method compares the site with a calibrated antenna pair (antenna pair reference site attenuation, A_APR), and Annex G gives example uncertainty budgets for it.
• The FAR is not validated by SVSWR below 1 GHz. Clause 6.10 has its own RSM and NSA procedures, with measurement positions in Figure 15, frequency steps in Table 6 and maximum test volume dimensions versus test distance in Table 5.
• SVSWR positions are not a 16-point grid. Clause 7.5 defines positions in a horizontal plane (Figure 23) and additional height positions (Figure 24), designated in Table 7; supplier notes label them front, centre, left and right, numbered 1 to 6 along each line (secondary source). Table 8 lists what the SVSWR test report has to contain, and 7.10 states the limitations of the method.
• The set-up table and mast count. Clause 6.11 gives a procedure to evaluate the influence of the set-up table and antenna tower.

The EUT volume a validation covers

A site is validated for a volume, and an EUT that does not fit it is outside the validation. The 2019 edition defines the EUT volume (3.1.10) as a cylinder that "fully encompasses all portions of the actual EUT, including cable racks and 1,6 m of cable length (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and 0,3 m of cable length (1 GHz and above)". The cable allowance is the part people forget when they compare a product with the turntable size. CISPR 16-2-3 Amendment 1 (2019) added EUT volume specifications that depend on the method and the measurement distance. CISPR 16-4-2 Amendment 2 adds that its reference uncertainties for OATS, SAC and FAR assume a small EUT, in a cylinder 1.5 m in diameter and 1.5 m high, at 3 m.

The FCC rule: 47 CFR 2.948

For equipment authorized by certification or Supplier's Declaration of Conformity, the lab must keep a description of its measurement facility, including a plot of site attenuation data for radiated emission sites (2.948(b)(1)(vii)). Paragraph (d) fixes the validation by band:

Paragraph	Band	Validation required
2.948(d)(1)	30 MHz to 1 GHz	ANSI C63.4a-2017 or ANSI C63.4-2014 clause 5.4.4
2.948(d)(2)	1 GHz to 18 GHz	ANSI C63.25.1-2018
2.948(d)(3)	18 GHz to 40 GHz	ANSI C63.4-2014 clause 5.5.1 (item a.1), meeting the site validation criteria of CISPR 16-1-4:2010-04
2.948(d)(4)	All	Revalidation "on an interval not to exceed three years"
2.948(e)	All	ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation by an FCC-recognized body; reassessment at an interval not exceeding two years

ANSI C63.25.1-2018, "Validation Methods for Radiated Emission Test Sites, 1 GHz to 18 GHz", was incorporated by the FCC Report and Order FCC 23-14 (adopted March 10, 2023). ISED Canada explains why it gave no transition period: the standard keeps the existing SVSWR method and adds a time-domain alternative, so labs may continue with SVSWR or switch to the time-domain method.

Measurement distance: 3 m, 10 m and the limits

Regime	Where the limit is stated	Other distances
CISPR 32	Annex A gives OATS or SAC limits at 10 m and at 3 m below 1 GHz, the 3 m values being 10 dB higher; separate FAR rows; above 1 GHz, limits at 3 m	Use the row that matches the site and distance
FCC Part 15	15.109(a): Class B at 3 m; 15.109(b): Class A at 10 m	15.31(f)(1): at or above 30 MHz, another distance is allowed outside the near field, and results are extrapolated at 20 dB per decade (inverse linear distance)

Two consequences. First, CISPR 32 does not ask for a 20 log(10/3) = 10.5 dB correction: it states 3 m limits that are 10 dB above the 10 m values. The FCC extrapolation rule, applied between 3 m and 10 m, gives the 10.5 dB figure. Second, the measurement distance does not decide the class. A Class B product can be tested at 3 m in a validated chamber; what limits the 3 m chamber is the EUT volume.

Absorbers and the frequency window

The texts do not specify absorber products; they specify the result, through the validation. Three points come from the texts themselves:

• A SAC used above 1 GHz needs absorber on the ground plane, since CISPR 16-2-3 clause 7.6 treats "FAR and absorber-lined OATS or SAC" together from 1 to 18 GHz.
• For immunity, IEC 61000-4-3 (2006, clause 7 and Annex C) describes an absorber-lined room, typically a fully anechoic chamber or a SAC with additional absorbers on the ground plane, and notes that ferrite tiles usually behave as reflectors above 1 GHz, so a small ferrite-lined chamber may fail field uniformity there. The suggested remedies include horn or double-ridge antennas, a shorter distance with the independent windows method, and carbon-loaded absorber on the wall behind the EUT.
• A chamber that passes NSA below 1 GHz can still fail SVSWR above 1 GHz, and the other way round. The validation report for each band is what proves the absorber layout works.

TEM cells and GTEM

A TEM waveguide guides a transverse electromagnetic mode between conductors. IEC 61000-4-20 edition 3.0 (February 18, 2022) covers open structures (strip lines, EMP simulators) and closed structures (TEM cells), one-port, two-port or multi-port; a GTEM cell is a closed, tapered TEM cell. The standard describes test volume and maximum EUT size (5.2.1), validation of the usable test volume (5.2.2), emission measurements with correlation algorithms from waveguide voltages to field strength (Annex A, A.3.2), immunity testing (Annex B), HEMP transient testing (Annex C) and the instrumentation uncertainty of emission results (Annex F). Edition 3.0 added information on testing large EUTs, including cables, and aligned uncertainty work with CISPR and TC 77.

Whether a TEM waveguide result counts depends on the calling standard:

• CISPR 32 emissions: Annex I is informative. Its tables give "proposed" limits for GTEM (below and above 1 GHz) and for the reverberation chamber (above 1 GHz only). It is not a compliance route under CISPR 32.
• EN 55035 immunity: allows TEM waveguides (IEC 61000-4-20) and reverberation chambers (IEC 61000-4-21) as alternatives to IEC 61000-4-3.
• IEC 61000-4-3 itself: since 2020 it states that it is an independent method and that other methods cannot be substituted to claim compliance with it.

For bench use during design, see pre-compliance TEM cell and near-field.

Reverberation chambers

A reverberation chamber is a shielded room whose mechanical tuners or stirrers change the boundary conditions so that, over enough stirrer positions, the field is statistically uniform and statistically isotropic (IEC 61000-4-21 note to 3.1.11). The test is a stochastic process, which is why it complements rather than duplicates a plane-wave test.

Element	IEC 61000-4-21:2011
Scope	Immunity, intentional and unintentional emissions, screening effectiveness; radiated phenomena only
Working volume	Defined by 8 points far enough from the walls to avoid boundary effects, typically a quarter wavelength from the nearest walls for rectangular chambers; the distance can be restricted to 0.75 m below 100 MHz
Chamber quality	Quality factor Q and Q-bandwidth defined in 3.1.7 and 3.1.8
Uncertainty	Intrinsic field uncertainty (IFU) is "typically the only or main contribution"; Annex K added in 2011
EUT size	Edition 2.0 added that the EUT and equipment shall not occupy more than 8 % of the chamber volume in immunity testing (Annex D)
Probes	Clause 8 adds E-field probe specifications

The LUF is a property of each chamber, established by its validation; the standard gives no generic value, and neither should a lab quote. CISPR 16-1-4 also has its own clause on reverberating chambers for total radiated power measurement (clause 9, with stirrer efficiency and coupling attenuation tests).

Immunity: the uniform field area

IEC 61000-4-3 defines the field in terms that do not depend on the room, as long as the room can produce it.

UFA parameter (IEC 61000-4-3:2006, 6.2)	Requirement
Plane	Vertical, calibrated without the EUT
Size	1.5 m by 1.5 m unless the EUT and its wires fit a smaller area; never below 0.5 m by 0.5 m
Grid	0.5 m spacing (16 points for 1.5 m by 1.5 m)
Tolerance	-0 dB to +6 dB of the nominal value
Compliant points	At least 75 % (12 of 16); all 4 points for a 0.5 m by 0.5 m UFA

When the EUT face is larger than the UFA, the standard gives partial illumination and, above 1 GHz, the independent windows method. In edition 4.0 (2020) the UFA moved to clause 6.3. The European calling standards still use dated references to the 2006 edition with its amendments. Details in IEC 61000-4-3, radiated RF immunity.

Reading the test site section of a report

Report element	What to look for	Text behind it
Site type and distance	OATS, SAC, FAR or other; 3 m or 10 m; the CISPR 32 row used (OATS/SAC or FAR)	CISPR 16-1-4 clause 6; CISPR 32 Annex A
Validation by band	NSA or RSM below 1 GHz, SVSWR or time-domain above 1 GHz, with dates	CISPR 16-1-4; 47 CFR 2.948(d)
Validation age (FCC)	Not older than three years	2.948(d)(4)
EUT volume	Cylinder including 1.6 m of cable below 1 GHz and 0.3 m above	CISPR 16-1-4 (2019) 3.1.10
Antenna factor	Calibration and date for each antenna	CISPR 16-1-4 Annex A; CISPR 16-1-6
Uncertainty	U(lab) compared with U(CISPR): 6.3 dB at an OATS or in a SAC and 5.3 dB in a FAR from 30 to 1000 MHz	CISPR 16-4-2 Table 1
Immunity UFA	Size, grid, date, points in tolerance	IEC 61000-4-3 6.2 (2006) or 6.3 (2020)
Accreditation	ISO/IEC 17025 scope listing the methods used	2.948(e) for the FCC

For the uncertainty decision rule, see calibration and measurement uncertainty per GUM; for detectors and the measurement flow, radiated emissions EMC test.

SAR and OTA rooms are something else

SAR (specific absorption rate) is measured with tissue-simulating phantoms and a scanning probe. The current procedure is IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020 (October 19, 2020), which cancelled and replaced IEC 62209-1:2016, IEC 62209-2:2010 with its 2019 amendment, and IEEE Std 1528-2013, and covers 4 MHz to 10 GHz for devices used up to 200 mm from the head or body; a consolidated edition 1.1 with Amendment 1 was published on September 2, 2026. See SAR procedures. Over-the-air (OTA) radio performance rooms are specified by the radio test specifications, not by CISPR 16-1-4. A CISPR site validation says nothing about either.

Claims the texts contradict

Claim	What the texts say
"CISPR 16-1-4 (2019) is the current edition" (this page)	Edition 5.0 was published on October 3, 2025 and replaces the 2019 edition with AMD1:2020 and AMD2:2023.
"SVSWR is measured at 16 positions" (this page)	Clause 7.5 defines horizontal-plane and height positions designated in Table 7; nothing ties it to 16 positions. 16 points is the IEC 61000-4-3 UFA grid, an immunity concept.
"The FAR is validated by SVSWR" (this page)	Below 1 GHz a FAR is validated under 6.10 (RSM or free-space NSA). SVSWR applies from 1 to 18 GHz, to the FAR and to the absorber-lined OATS or SAC.
"Above 1 GHz a FAR is mandatory" (this page)	CISPR 16-2-3 7.6 covers the FAR and the OATS or SAC with absorber on the ground plane together, both validated by SVSWR.
"CISPR 16-1-4 requires revalidation every three years" (this page)	The three-year interval is the FCC rule, 47 CFR 2.948(d)(4).
"NSA is checked at five turntable positions for a full test volume" (this page)	The positions depend on the test volume and polarisation (Figures 11 to 14 for a weather-protected OATS or a SAC, with a smaller-EUT variant), and RSM is an alternative to NSA.
"3 m limits are the 10 m limits plus 10.5 dB under CISPR 32" (this page)	CISPR 32 gives its own 3 m limits, 10 dB above the 10 m values. 10.5 dB is the FCC 20 dB per decade extrapolation (15.31(f)(1)) between 3 m and 10 m.
"A CISPR Class B test needs 10 m"	CISPR 32 gives Class B limits at both 3 m and 10 m. FCC Class B limits are stated at 3 m.
"The ambient must be 6 dB below the limit at every frequency" (this page)	CISPR 16-1-4 has a clause on the RF ambient of a test site (6.2.4); a blanket 6 dB rule on every frequency is not quoted here because the text could not be checked. Nothing in CISPR 16-4-2, CISPR 32 or Part 15 requires a fixed 6 dB margin to the limit.
"IEC 61000-4-21 is a radiated immunity method above 80 MHz" (this page)	Its scope is immunity, emissions and screening effectiveness. The usable range of a chamber starts at its own LUF, established by validation.
"A reverberation chamber gives 10 to 20 dB more field for the same power" (this page)	No such figure is in the standard; the field per watt depends on the chamber Q, which IEC 61000-4-21 defines and has the lab measure.
"CISPR 32 informative annexes give a GTEM-to-OATS correlation accepted for compliance" (this page)	Annex I is informative and gives "proposed" limits. The correlation algorithms are in IEC 61000-4-20 Annex A.
"A UFA larger than the EUT is required, or the EUT goes to a reverberation chamber" (this page)	IEC 61000-4-3 gives partial illumination and, above 1 GHz, independent windows for EUTs larger than the UFA.
"SAR follows IEC 62209-1:2016 and 62209-2:2010" (this page)	Both were replaced by IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020.
"Ferrite tiles: 18 to 25 dB; hybrids 30 MHz to 18 GHz at 20 dB; 7 m x 6 m x 6 m for 3 m" (this page)	None of these figures is in the texts. Absorber performance and chamber size are proven by the site validation, not by a typical value.

Key points

• Current editions: CISPR 16-1-4 edition 5.0 (October 3, 2025), IEC 61000-4-20 edition 3.0 (2022), IEC 61000-4-21 edition 2.0 (2011), IEC 61000-4-3 edition 4.0 (2020).
• Validation is per band: NSIL below 30 MHz, NSA or RSM (±4 dB) from 30 MHz to 1 GHz, SVSWR (≤ 6 dB) from 1 to 18 GHz; the FAR has its own procedures below 1 GHz.
• FCC: C63.4 below 1 GHz, C63.25.1-2018 from 1 to 18 GHz, revalidation within three years (2.948(d)).
• Distance: CISPR 32 states 3 m and 10 m limits; the FCC extrapolates at 20 dB per decade.
• GTEM and reverberation: valid where the calling standard allows them (EN 55035 for immunity), informative only in CISPR 32.

Going further

• Pre-compliance TEM cell and near-field: bench-top tooling for the design phase
• Radiated emissions EMC test: emissions test flow, detectors, distances
• IEC 61000-4-3, radiated RF immunity: immunity test setup and uniform field area
• Calibration and measurement uncertainty per GUM: the metrology backbone of any EMC report
• FCC standards: ANSI C63 references in the FCC rules
• Glossary: definitions of NSA, SVSWR and other terms

See also

• What is EMC? Emissions, immunity and coupling
• Radio: RX blocking, selectivity and intermodulation tests
• Calibration and measurement uncertainty (GUM, CISPR)
• PCB design for EMC: return paths, decoupling, stackup
• Antenna design and impedance matching for IoT
• Conducted emissions: LISN test
• Conformity assessment bodies and accreditation

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Sources & references

1. CISPR 16-1-4:2025 (edition 5.0, October 3, 2025), Antennas and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements, significant technical changes, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/68250
2. CISPR 16-1-4:2019+AMD1:2020+AMD2:2023 CSV (edition 4.2) preview: table of contents, list of tables and annexes, via iTeh, IEC (preview hosted by iTeh Standards) cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/23423/8f48a3eefd4f4e27b473f8d93c9fbeb5/CISPR-16-1-4-2019.pdf
3. CISPR 16-1-4:2019 (edition 4.0) preview: scope and definitions 3.1.1 to 3.1.17, via iTeh, IEC (preview hosted by iTeh Standards) cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/23423/3de09604364a495c8c3e971893cf50da/CISPR-16-1-4-2019.pdf
4. CISPR 16-2-3:2016+AMD1:2019+AMD2:2023 CSV (edition 4.2), Radiated disturbance measurements, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/86318
5. CISPR 32:2015 (edition 2.0), Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment, emission requirements, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/22046
6. CISPR 32:2015 RLV preview (table of contents, Annex I GTEM and RVC tables), via iTeh, IEC (preview hosted by iTeh Standards) cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/20486/c899a27bb5574bdaa724e48fe2f56fd5/CISPR-32-2015.pdf
7. CISPR 16-4-2:2011+AMD1:2014+AMD2:2018 CSV (edition 2.2), Measurement instrumentation uncertainty, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/63750
8. IEC 61000-4-3:2020 (edition 4.0), Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/59849
9. IS 14700 (Part 4/Sec 3):2008, identical to IEC 61000-4-3:2006, full text (clause 6.2 and Annex C), Bureau of Indian Standards (via Public.Resource.Org) law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S04/is.14700.4.3.2008.pdf
10. IEC 61000-4-20:2022 (edition 3.0), Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/34378
11. IEC 61000-4-20:2022 preview: table of contents (Annex A emission, Annex B immunity, Annex C HEMP), via iTeh, IEC (preview hosted by iTeh Standards) cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/23836/7f387362b562451a80fc84ec4fe366fb/IEC-61000-4-20-2022.pdf
12. IEC 61000-4-21:2011 (edition 2.0), Reverberation chamber test methods, IEC webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/4191
13. IEC 61000-4-21:2011 preview: scope, definitions (working volume, tuner/stirrer, LUF), via iTeh, IEC (preview hosted by iTeh Standards) cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/16080/59f25197e3914860832f0605eeb4d07b/IEC-61000-4-21-2011.pdf
14. 47 CFR 2.948, Measurement facilities (site validation by band, three-year revalidation), eCFR (US Government) www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-2/subpart-J/section-2.948
15. 47 CFR 15.31, Measurement standards (distance extrapolation in 15.31(f)), eCFR (US Government) www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-15/subpart-A/section-15.31
16. 47 CFR 15.109, Radiated emission limits (unintentional radiators), eCFR (US Government) www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-15/subpart-B/section-15.109
17. FCC 23-14, Report and Order, Updating references to standards in the equipment authorization program (ANSI C63.25.1-2018 incorporated), FCC docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-23-14A1.pdf
18. ISED Notice 2023-DRS0006 (ANSI C63.25.1-2018 keeps SVSWR and adds a time-domain method), Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada ised-isde.canada.ca/site/certification-engineering-bureau/en/notice-2023-drs0006
19. IEEE/ANSI C63.4-2014, Methods of measurement of radio-noise emissions, 9 kHz to 40 GHz, ANSI / IEEE standards.ieee.org/ieee/C63.4/5841/
20. IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020, SAR measurement procedure for hand-held and body-worn devices, 4 MHz to 10 GHz, IEC / IEEE webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/62753
21. IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020+AMD1:2026 CSV, consolidated edition 1.1, IEC / IEEE webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/116521
22. IEC 62209-1:2016 record (status: replaced by IEC/IEEE 62209-1528:2020), IEC webstore.iec.ch/publication/25336
23. Site VSWR requirements as per CISPR 16-1-4 (secondary source, chamber supplier note: SVSWR ≤ 6 dB, position labels), Tekiknow tekiknow.com/site-voltage-standing-wave-ratio-requirements-as-per-cispr-16-1-4-svswr/